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Forensic Anthropology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is forensic anthropology?

A

applied subdiscipline of biological anthropology, used in problems of medico-legal significance

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2
Q

What is the use of Forensic Anthropology

A

to assess age, sex, stature, geographic ancestery to analyze trauma and disease from human remains

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3
Q

qualifications of a forensic anthropologist (osteologist)

A

Ph.D or MA in anth
employed by university or lab (FBI, private firms)
to determine identity of remains

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4
Q

qualifications of a pathologist

A

trained medical doctor
MD, residency in pathology
performs autopsies
establish cause of death

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5
Q

odontology

A

dental
evaluating bitemarks
aging skeletal remains

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6
Q

Mirco analysis

A

trace evidence (residues, hair, fabric, glass, soils)

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7
Q

DNA analysis

A

specific segments that vary between people to create DNA profile

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8
Q

Johann Friedrich Bluemenback (1752-1840)

A

early pioneer of physical anthropology. Interested in identifying racial ground (mostly using skulls)

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9
Q

Formative Period

A

1800s-1938, Early Forensic Pioneers

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10
Q

Paul Revere (1735-1818)

A

ameteur dentist
identified body of officer by his ivory dentures

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11
Q

Jefferies Wyman and Oliver Wendall Holmes

A

Parkman murder (1849)
used in court to identify remains of a Harvard professor
identified teeth, specialized dentures

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12
Q

Thomas Dwight

A

father of american forensic anth
set up 1sh osteology program at Harvard

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13
Q

Ales Hrdlicka and Earnest Hooton

A

worked with the FBI
showed it was important for authorities

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14
Q

T.Wingate Todd

A

Hamann-Todd collection of human and primate skeletons
many from the World Wars
Cleveland Museum of Natural History

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15
Q

Ruxton Murder Case (Bodies under the Bridge)

A

known for efforts to reassemble bodies
early use of photo superposition to identify badly decomposed remains

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16
Q

Consolidation Period

A

1939-1971
1939 Guide to the Identification of Human Skeleton Material by Wilton Marion Krogman

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17
Q

T. Dale Steward

A

founder of Modern Forensic Anthropology
identify war remains (WWII and Korean War)
lead to establishment of central identification lab in Hawaii

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18
Q

Molecular Analysis of skeletal remains

A

improved techniques for recovery and analysis
identify sex, eye hair and skin color
can give positive ID
can help with georaphical ancestry

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19
Q

drawbacks on molecular analysis of skeltal evidence

A

destructive technique, most DNA is too degraded to be useful

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20
Q

CODIS-FBI

A

combined DNA index system, list of people who have committed crimes

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21
Q

familial DNA

A

in some states, public DNA is available (ancestory.com, 23andme)
finds someone related to the suspect
first used in 1987 in the UK (Colin Pitchfork murders)

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22
Q

migrant identification

A

global migration increasing, and some countries do not keep ID
requires international cooperation

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23
Q

decomposition research

A

Bass’s book about cycle of decomposition
body farms

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24
Q

body farms

A

experimentation and monitoring the process of decomposition under different conditions

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25
Q

isotope analysis

A

stable isotopes recovered from soft and hard tissues can reveal:
diet and geographic origin

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26
Q

methods of analysis

A

arthroscopic, osteometric, chemical, histological

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27
Q

data analysis

A

decision matrix, indexes, range charts, stats

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28
Q

decision matric

A

what something is by comparison

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29
Q

indexes

A

osteometric methods

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30
Q

range charts

A

allows anaysists to compare info from several different sources/ analyses to arrive at a single estimate

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31
Q

discriminate function

A

use quantitative data to discriminate among two or more predimernate groups

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32
Q

uniform determination of death act (UDDA)

A

irreverible cessation of circulatory and respiratory function
irreversible cessation of brain function including brain stem

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33
Q

how is death defined under law?

A

if no body is found, people are presumed dead after 7 years with no evidence of them
people can be tried for murder even if no body is found

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34
Q

medical examiner

A

offically trained in pathology that investigates deaths that are violent or unusual

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35
Q

what do medical examiners do?

A

performs post mortem examination, sometimes initiates inquest

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36
Q

coroners

A

lay people, voted in
no need for forensic background
in some places, coroners work as medical examiners due to under funding

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37
Q

autopsy

A

determine cause of death

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38
Q

1954 Medical Post Mortum Examination Act

A

Required forensic examination for
1) violent
2) sudden/ unexpected
3) suspicious
4) employment related
5) cremation
6) prison

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39
Q

physical properties of bones

A

elastic, strong, hard, living bones are white

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40
Q

what are bones compromised of

A

collagen and hydroxyapatite

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41
Q

Wolf’s Law

A

bone repairs and remodels itslef in response to compression tension, bending, torsion, and trauma throughout an individual’s life

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42
Q

ontgeny variability

A

bones change as a function of age

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43
Q

sexual variability

A

bones differ due to sex
general skull features, robusticity, size, element specific

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44
Q

geographic variability

A

population based variation, due to environmental factors
subtle differences in skull, low degree in variability, mostly through natural selection

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45
Q

idiosyncratic

A

individual bone variability
differences found in skeletons due to natural variations

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46
Q

immature ontogeny

A

immature (woven) forms in vitro and is temporary

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47
Q

characteristics of immature bones

A

high proportion of osteocytes
fibrous and coarse
collagen fibers arranged in random patterns

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48
Q

mature bones

A

comprised of lamellar bone tissue
orderly and organized structure

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49
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone-forming and produce osteoids

50
Q

osteocytes

A

cells that reside in bone tissue and maintain it

51
Q

oseaclasts

A

remove bone where it is not needed

52
Q

functions of skeletal anatomy

A

shape and form, supports muscles, protects organs, allows movement, produces blood for the body, stores fat and minerals

53
Q

musculoskeleton system

A

interaction of muscle and skeleton

54
Q

fibrous joints

A

composed of fibrous cartilage or elastic connective tissue, allows little to no movement
most primitive

55
Q

cartilaginous

A

comprised of fibrous cartilage allows for restrictive movement

56
Q

synovial joints

A

comprised of articular cavity, capsul of a joint

57
Q

sultures

A

cranial plates
type of fibrous joint

58
Q

syndemoses

A

bones yet joined by a ligament
type of fibrous joint

59
Q

gompnosis

A

union of roots of teeth with walls of dental alveoli
type of fibrous joint

60
Q

synchondrosis

A

hyaline cartilage. replaced by bone with age
type of cartilaginous joint

61
Q

symphysis

A

binding fibrocartilage, which is more elastic than hyaline cartilage
type of cartilanginous joint

62
Q

mediolegal significance

A

relating to medicine and law
relevance to a current or part criminal investigation
implication to public health

63
Q

SWGANTH

A

segregating osseous and dental remains from other kinds of materials
use of visual or gross evaluation

64
Q

Ways to determine medicolegal significance

A

SWGANTH, Microscopic examinations(SEM?EDS), XRF, gross evaluation, microscopic evaluation

65
Q

gross evaluation

A

plastic, wood, stones,
evaluate porosity and features
landmarks

66
Q

How to establish that bones are human or non-human

A

segregating bones (size, shape, landmarks)
zoological comparative collection
published sources
physical collections
teeth

67
Q

how to determine age of bone

A

evaluate context (archeological, intentional burial, assoicated material, physical features)
state of preservation of remains

68
Q

Steps of Medicolegal Remains

A

1) Is it Bone?
2) Human or Non-Human?
3) Recent or old?

69
Q

how to identify cervical vertebrae

A

vertebrae with two holes on the side

70
Q

Atlas Vertebrae (C1)

A

holds up the head

71
Q

Axis Vertebrae (C2)

A

turns the head

72
Q

C7 vertebrae

A

transitional

73
Q

PMI

A

post-mortem interval

74
Q

Antemortem

A

before death

75
Q

Perimortem

A

at the time of death

76
Q

Postmortem

A

after death

77
Q

professional who are used to estimate PMI

A

forensic tapology
forensic entomologist
forensic botanist

78
Q

what effects the rate of decomposition

A

environmental factors, temp, moisture, ph/oxygen levels, cause of death, body position, buried/surface, land/water

79
Q

5 stages decomposition

A

1) fresh
2) bloat: early decomposition
3) active decay
4) advanced decay
5) dry remains

80
Q

characteristics of a body minutes after death

A

heart stops, lungs cease, bowels and bladder empty, skin grey, blood drains from capillaries

81
Q

characteristics of a body 30 min after death

A

skin turns purple and waxy, lips, fingernails and toenails fade, eyes sink

82
Q

autolysis

A

self-digestion

83
Q

characteristics of a body1-7 hours after death

A

putrefaction:
greenish discoloration of skin
strong odor
internal organs decompose
external microorganisms enter the body

84
Q

hypostatsis

A

blood pooling in lower body portions

85
Q

how long does it take for a body to cool

A

12 hrs to cool, 24 hrs to be same as environment

86
Q

rigor mortis

A

stiffening of muscles sets in until the decomposition process begins
3 hrs after death
begins in eyelids, law, neck the spreads

87
Q

characteristics of the Early Decomposition stage

A

gasses form blister on skin
fluids leaking from openings
marks transition between early and later decomposition
insect colonization

88
Q

characteristsics of advanced decay stage

A

greatest loss of tissue from inscets and decomposition
skin, hair, nails fall off
ends when maggots migrate awat from body and pupate

89
Q

advanced decay/skeletonization

A

most soft tissue gone. only bone, hair, cartilage, ligaments remain
reduced insect activity
increase soil nitrogen
vegetation death below corpse

90
Q

characteristics of dry decomposition stage

A

complete skeletonization
surrounding soil is returning to normal
PMI more difficult to deterine

91
Q

adipocere formation

A

waxy substance that form on parts of the body with fat
forms about a month after death
if insects have access, it’s unlikely to form

92
Q

how to identify the Thoracic vertebrae

A

vertebral arch, a body

93
Q

race

A

socially constructed, no universal definitions

94
Q

ethnicity

A

based on traditions, languages and culture learnsed

95
Q

DNA

A

cannot tell language, culture, or sexual orientation

96
Q

anthropometry

A

measurements taken on living people with soft tissue

97
Q

osteometry

A

measurements taken on skeletal remains

98
Q

macromorphometric traits

A

nonmetric traits
presence vs absence

99
Q

rocker jaw

A

distinct mandible border shape found in high frequencies among Pacific Islanders

100
Q

4 major plates of the skull

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

101
Q

landmarks of the skull

A

zygomatic, nasal bones, maxilla, mastoid process, vertex, glabella, nasion

102
Q

mandible

A

paired bone in vitro and at birth, but soon fuses into a single arch at the symphysis

103
Q

mandibular condyle

A

main articular

104
Q

clandestine

A

deliberate attempt to conceal

105
Q

unmarked grave

A

lacks official marker
(privacy, family wishes, poverty, punishment, indiviudal wishes, religious belief)

106
Q

scales of analysis to locate remains and graves

A

google earth survery, large scale satellite imagery, GIS, drones, ground-truthing, field walking survery

107
Q

geo-physical techniques to locate remains or graves

A

electrical resistivity, ground penetrating radar, magnetic susceptibility

108
Q

cadaver dogs

A

specially trained dogs that locate bodies months or years after death, or body fluids that are buried

109
Q

procedure for excavation and mapping

A

remains should be recorded and mapped before removed

110
Q

procedure for single graves

A

careful recordation, position and orientation of a body within a grave, associatd materials and evidence

111
Q

disaters

A

sudden catastrophic disaster resulting in death and mass burial

112
Q

mass inhumations

A

bodies in one location and result in same cause of death (pandemic, disease, or famine)

113
Q

mediolegal and safely concerns

A

ensure remains and evidence are secure
maintain seperation between different units recovered from the field

114
Q

preparation of remains

A

visual examination of surface/soft tissues
bulk of soft tissue removed
remains disarticulated
remaining soft tissue removed
bones are stablilized to prevent decay

115
Q

reconstruction, sorting and reassembly

A

damaged bones reconstructed
commingled remains sorted
each person reassembled

116
Q

NISP

A

number of individual specimens present

117
Q

MNI

A

minimum number of individuals

118
Q

bones that make up the pelvis

A

sacrum
os coxae (innominate)
coccyx

119
Q

sex:

A

biological catergory

120
Q

gender

A

consists of the rule, roles, and norms of a society

121
Q

Female skeletal differences

A

pelvis (due to childbrith) and hips
tearing of ligaments around pelvis during childbirth
rounded/straighter forehead
velus hair

122
Q

male skeletal differences

A

larger jaws and faces, smaller eyes, larger mastoid process, supraorbital
terminal hair

Forensic Anthropology (1 decks)

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