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Forensic Anthropology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is forensic anthropology?

A

applied subdiscipline of biological anthropology, used in problems of medico-legal significance

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2
Q

What is the use of Forensic Anthropology

A

to assess age, sex, stature, geographic ancestery to analyze trauma and disease from human remains

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3
Q

qualifications of a forensic anthropologist (osteologist)

A

Ph.D or MA in anth
employed by university or lab (FBI, private firms)
to determine identity of remains

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4
Q

qualifications of a pathologist

A

trained medical doctor
MD, residency in pathology
performs autopsies
establish cause of death

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5
Q

odontology

A

dental
evaluating bitemarks
aging skeletal remains

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6
Q

Mirco analysis

A

trace evidence (residues, hair, fabric, glass, soils)

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7
Q

DNA analysis

A

specific segments that vary between people to create DNA profile

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8
Q

Johann Friedrich Bluemenback (1752-1840)

A

early pioneer of physical anthropology. Interested in identifying racial ground (mostly using skulls)

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9
Q

Formative Period

A

1800s-1938, Early Forensic Pioneers

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10
Q

Paul Revere (1735-1818)

A

ameteur dentist
identified body of officer by his ivory dentures

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11
Q

Jefferies Wyman and Oliver Wendall Holmes

A

Parkman murder (1849)
used in court to identify remains of a Harvard professor
identified teeth, specialized dentures

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12
Q

Thomas Dwight

A

father of american forensic anth
set up 1sh osteology program at Harvard

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13
Q

Ales Hrdlicka and Earnest Hooton

A

worked with the FBI
showed it was important for authorities

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14
Q

T.Wingate Todd

A

Hamann-Todd collection of human and primate skeletons
many from the World Wars
Cleveland Museum of Natural History

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15
Q

Ruxton Murder Case (Bodies under the Bridge)

A

known for efforts to reassemble bodies
early use of photo superposition to identify badly decomposed remains

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16
Q

Consolidation Period

A

1939-1971
1939 Guide to the Identification of Human Skeleton Material by Wilton Marion Krogman

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17
Q

T. Dale Steward

A

founder of Modern Forensic Anthropology
identify war remains (WWII and Korean War)
lead to establishment of central identification lab in Hawaii

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18
Q

Molecular Analysis of skeletal remains

A

improved techniques for recovery and analysis
identify sex, eye hair and skin color
can give positive ID
can help with georaphical ancestry

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19
Q

drawbacks on molecular analysis of skeltal evidence

A

destructive technique, most DNA is too degraded to be useful

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20
Q

CODIS-FBI

A

combined DNA index system, list of people who have committed crimes

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21
Q

familial DNA

A

in some states, public DNA is available (ancestory.com, 23andme)
finds someone related to the suspect
first used in 1987 in the UK (Colin Pitchfork murders)

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22
Q

migrant identification

A

global migration increasing, and some countries do not keep ID
requires international cooperation

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23
Q

decomposition research

A

Bass’s book about cycle of decomposition
body farms

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24
Q

body farms

A

experimentation and monitoring the process of decomposition under different conditions

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25
isotope analysis
stable isotopes recovered from soft and hard tissues can reveal: diet and geographic origin
26
methods of analysis
arthroscopic, osteometric, chemical, histological
27
data analysis
decision matrix, indexes, range charts, stats
28
decision matric
what something is by comparison
29
indexes
osteometric methods
30
range charts
allows anaysists to compare info from several different sources/ analyses to arrive at a single estimate
31
discriminate function
use quantitative data to discriminate among two or more predimernate groups
32
uniform determination of death act (UDDA)
irreverible cessation of circulatory and respiratory function irreversible cessation of brain function including brain stem
33
how is death defined under law?
if no body is found, people are presumed dead after 7 years with no evidence of them people can be tried for murder even if no body is found
34
medical examiner
offically trained in pathology that investigates deaths that are violent or unusual
35
what do medical examiners do?
performs post mortem examination, sometimes initiates inquest
36
coroners
lay people, voted in no need for forensic background in some places, coroners work as medical examiners due to under funding
37
autopsy
determine cause of death
38
1954 Medical Post Mortum Examination Act
Required forensic examination for 1) violent 2) sudden/ unexpected 3) suspicious 4) employment related 5) cremation 6) prison
39
physical properties of bones
elastic, strong, hard, living bones are white
40
what are bones compromised of
collagen and hydroxyapatite
41
Wolf's Law
bone repairs and remodels itslef in response to compression tension, bending, torsion, and trauma throughout an individual's life
42
ontgeny variability
bones change as a function of age
43
sexual variability
bones differ due to sex general skull features, robusticity, size, element specific
44
geographic variability
population based variation, due to environmental factors subtle differences in skull, low degree in variability, mostly through natural selection
45
idiosyncratic
individual bone variability differences found in skeletons due to natural variations
46
immature ontogeny
immature (woven) forms in vitro and is temporary
47
characteristics of immature bones
high proportion of osteocytes fibrous and coarse collagen fibers arranged in random patterns
48
mature bones
comprised of lamellar bone tissue orderly and organized structure
49
osteoblasts
bone-forming and produce osteoids
50
osteocytes
cells that reside in bone tissue and maintain it
51
oseaclasts
remove bone where it is not needed
52
functions of skeletal anatomy
shape and form, supports muscles, protects organs, allows movement, produces blood for the body, stores fat and minerals
53
musculoskeleton system
interaction of muscle and skeleton
54
fibrous joints
composed of fibrous cartilage or elastic connective tissue, allows little to no movement most primitive
55
cartilaginous
comprised of fibrous cartilage allows for restrictive movement
56
synovial joints
comprised of articular cavity, capsul of a joint
57
sultures
cranial plates type of fibrous joint
58
syndemoses
bones yet joined by a ligament type of fibrous joint
59
gompnosis
union of roots of teeth with walls of dental alveoli type of fibrous joint
60
synchondrosis
hyaline cartilage. replaced by bone with age type of cartilaginous joint
61
symphysis
binding fibrocartilage, which is more elastic than hyaline cartilage type of cartilanginous joint
62
mediolegal significance
relating to medicine and law relevance to a current or part criminal investigation implication to public health
63
SWGANTH
segregating osseous and dental remains from other kinds of materials use of visual or gross evaluation
64
Ways to determine medicolegal significance
SWGANTH, Microscopic examinations(SEM?EDS), XRF, gross evaluation, microscopic evaluation
65
gross evaluation
plastic, wood, stones, evaluate porosity and features landmarks
66
How to establish that bones are human or non-human
segregating bones (size, shape, landmarks) zoological comparative collection published sources physical collections teeth
67
how to determine age of bone
evaluate context (archeological, intentional burial, assoicated material, physical features) state of preservation of remains
68
Steps of Medicolegal Remains
1) Is it Bone? 2) Human or Non-Human? 3) Recent or old?
69
how to identify cervical vertebrae
vertebrae with two holes on the side
70
Atlas Vertebrae (C1)
holds up the head
71
Axis Vertebrae (C2)
turns the head
72
C7 vertebrae
transitional
73
PMI
post-mortem interval
74
Antemortem
before death
75
Perimortem
at the time of death
76
Postmortem
after death
77
professional who are used to estimate PMI
forensic tapology forensic entomologist forensic botanist
78
what effects the rate of decomposition
environmental factors, temp, moisture, ph/oxygen levels, cause of death, body position, buried/surface, land/water
79
5 stages decomposition
1) fresh 2) bloat: early decomposition 3) active decay 4) advanced decay 5) dry remains
80
characteristics of a body minutes after death
heart stops, lungs cease, bowels and bladder empty, skin grey, blood drains from capillaries
81
characteristics of a body 30 min after death
skin turns purple and waxy, lips, fingernails and toenails fade, eyes sink
82
autolysis
self-digestion
83
characteristics of a body1-7 hours after death
putrefaction: greenish discoloration of skin strong odor internal organs decompose external microorganisms enter the body
84
hypostatsis
blood pooling in lower body portions
85
how long does it take for a body to cool
12 hrs to cool, 24 hrs to be same as environment
86
rigor mortis
stiffening of muscles sets in until the decomposition process begins 3 hrs after death begins in eyelids, law, neck the spreads
87
characteristics of the Early Decomposition stage
gasses form blister on skin fluids leaking from openings marks transition between early and later decomposition insect colonization
88
characteristsics of advanced decay stage
greatest loss of tissue from inscets and decomposition skin, hair, nails fall off ends when maggots migrate awat from body and pupate
89
advanced decay/skeletonization
most soft tissue gone. only bone, hair, cartilage, ligaments remain reduced insect activity increase soil nitrogen vegetation death below corpse
90
characteristics of dry decomposition stage
complete skeletonization surrounding soil is returning to normal PMI more difficult to deterine
91
adipocere formation
waxy substance that form on parts of the body with fat forms about a month after death if insects have access, it's unlikely to form
92
how to identify the Thoracic vertebrae
vertebral arch, a body
93
race
socially constructed, no universal definitions
94
ethnicity
based on traditions, languages and culture learnsed
95
DNA
cannot tell language, culture, or sexual orientation
96
anthropometry
measurements taken on living people with soft tissue
97
osteometry
measurements taken on skeletal remains
98
macromorphometric traits
nonmetric traits presence vs absence
99
rocker jaw
distinct mandible border shape found in high frequencies among Pacific Islanders
100
4 major plates of the skull
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
101
landmarks of the skull
zygomatic, nasal bones, maxilla, mastoid process, vertex, glabella, nasion
102
mandible
paired bone in vitro and at birth, but soon fuses into a single arch at the symphysis
103
mandibular condyle
main articular
104
clandestine
deliberate attempt to conceal
105
unmarked grave
lacks official marker (privacy, family wishes, poverty, punishment, indiviudal wishes, religious belief)
106
scales of analysis to locate remains and graves
google earth survery, large scale satellite imagery, GIS, drones, ground-truthing, field walking survery
107
geo-physical techniques to locate remains or graves
electrical resistivity, ground penetrating radar, magnetic susceptibility
108
cadaver dogs
specially trained dogs that locate bodies months or years after death, or body fluids that are buried
109
procedure for excavation and mapping
remains should be recorded and mapped before removed
110
procedure for single graves
careful recordation, position and orientation of a body within a grave, associatd materials and evidence
111
disaters
sudden catastrophic disaster resulting in death and mass burial
112
mass inhumations
bodies in one location and result in same cause of death (pandemic, disease, or famine)
113
mediolegal and safely concerns
ensure remains and evidence are secure maintain seperation between different units recovered from the field
114
preparation of remains
visual examination of surface/soft tissues bulk of soft tissue removed remains disarticulated remaining soft tissue removed bones are stablilized to prevent decay
115
reconstruction, sorting and reassembly
damaged bones reconstructed commingled remains sorted each person reassembled
116
NISP
number of individual specimens present
117
MNI
minimum number of individuals
118
bones that make up the pelvis
sacrum os coxae (innominate) coccyx
119
sex:
biological catergory
120
gender
consists of the rule, roles, and norms of a society
121
Female skeletal differences
pelvis (due to childbrith) and hips tearing of ligaments around pelvis during childbirth rounded/straighter forehead velus hair
122
male skeletal differences
larger jaws and faces, smaller eyes, larger mastoid process, supraorbital terminal hair

Forensic Anthropology (1 decks)

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