Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Evolution > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three big questions in science?

A
  1. The origin of the universe
  2. origin of life
  3. the origin of the human consciousness and society
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tree thinking

A

the ability to read and write phylogenetic trees to describe evolutionary relationships and understand what the trees indicate about the evolution of species and traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Population thinking

A

understanding how a process like natural selection produces the changes in populations that yield the diversity in a phylogenetic tree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

____ and ___ evolve not the individual

A

populations and species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Evolution refers to both ____ and _____ (pp)

A

process and pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define evidence (3)

A
  • can never prove a hypothesis but can disprove
  • consistent with a topic
  • eliminates options of a given theory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do we test a theory/model/hypothesis? (2)

A
  • experiments
  • observations (gathering evidence)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do we gather evidence to test a theory/model/hypothesis?

A

the scientific method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Panspermia (origin of life)

A

life came from another planet and then started life on earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Darwinian/Evolutionary model (origin of life)

A

There was one speciation event that every thing on earth came from

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Special creation (origin of life)

A

every species was created by a creator with one event for every species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What model for the origin of life predicts perfect adaptation?

A

special creation and possibly intelligent design

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the null and alternative predictions for Darwinian evolution?

A

Ho: no DE occurs ever
Ha: one life event occurred to make all life on earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Homology (2)

ca

A
  • similarity that is a result of common ancestry
  • same trait shared by species because inherited by common ancestor (orthologous genes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

____ is the basis for all comparative biology.

A

Homology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a prediction that explains why the organization of species is widely conserved but the size and shape of the parts change frequently?

A

species are built using the same parts as in related species and more fundamental aspects are shared more broadly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Give two examples of homology in species

A
  • tetrapod limbs
  • orchids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

T or F: Selection can only optimize a feature that it has to work with (i.e. it already exists in the population).

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Many cases of poor design in species may be due to ____

A

constraints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

define constraints in the context of poor design

A

aspects of the genetic or developmental program or manner of construction that preclude certain traits from evolving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

T or F: It is easy to change the bodily position of a part within a species.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why is it hard to change the position of something in a species?

A

because it changes the identity of the part that is changed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Give three examples of vestigial traits that contribute to poor or arbitrary design

A
  • genetic code
  • cetacean pelvis
  • vagus nerve in mammals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

poor/arbitrary design: genetic code

A

lack of importance in order yet preserved across all species on earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

poor/arbitrary design: cetacean pelvis

A

the ancestor of dolphins and whales was likely an ambush predator from the edge of waterways that was fully ambulatory; pelvis was preserved but serves no function in species that have it now

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

poor/arbitrary design: vagus nerve in mammals

A

heart in vertebrates has now shifted down so the vagus nerve is now exceedingly elongated to be able to go under the aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

T or F: Darwin relied on fossil record for much of his research.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the two many aspects of developmental biology that fossil records can help us predict?

A
  • function
    -concordance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Prediction of function with fossil records

A

intermediate states of characters maintain or have advantageous functions relative to ancestral states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Prediction of concordance with fossil records

A

ancestral states will tend to appear earlier in the fossil record depending on the completeness of the fossil record

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is a special example of evolution supported by fossil record

A

the transformation of jaw articulation from non-mammals to mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Biogeography

A

the distribution of species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

____ is possibly Darwin’s strongest argument for evolution.

A

biogeography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the prediciton that biogeography makes?

A

closely related species will tend to live near each other because dispersal is hard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the two complementary patterns of biogeography

A
  • species sharing structural homology tend to live near each other
  • functionally similar but unrelated species often do not live near each other
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

give some examples of closely related species living near each other (3)

A
  • happy face spiders all live in Hawaii
  • Darwin’s finches
  • giant tortoises in the Galapagos
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

give the big example of functionally similar but unrelated species living in different areas

A

fish-eating rats and bipedal rodents live across the world from each other with different teeth and internal structures that match those of species them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

give the prediction of phylogenetic concordance

A

groups of species sharing a homologous trait will share more homologous traits in common than expected by chance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Taxonomy

A

system of naming and classification of living organisms which ideally depicts evolutionary relationships between groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

phylogenetics

A

scientific process of discovering evolutionary relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

taxa

A

named groups of organisms (taxon singular)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

systematics

A

study of classification of biological diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Who invented the binomial classification system we use today?

A

Carl von Linnaeus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

State the classical hierarchy from top to bottom (7)

A
  • kingdom
  • phylum
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Analogy (2)

A
  • similarity that is a result of convergent evolution
  • not descended from a common ancestor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

define a character/trait

A

attribute of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

define a state of an organism

A

alternate version of a trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

give examples of a character in an organism (4)

A
  • limbs
  • wings
  • skeleton
  • position of a nucleotide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

give examples of the state of an organism (2)

A
  • cartilaginous skeleton rather than a bony skeleton
  • A, T, G, C at same nucleotide position
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

define bottom-up perspective on character development

A

trait evolved in species and then inherited even if the species diversify

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

define top-down perspective on character development

A

use shared traits as evidence of those relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

species are grouped based on what?

A

on the presence of homologous characteristics (derived character states)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Give some examples of derived character states that could group a species (6)

A
  • bone skeleton
  • lobed fins
  • lobed limbs
  • amniotic sac
  • temporal fenestrae
  • mode of reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

____ is how we determine relationships

A

Recency of common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Define speciation/cladogenesis

A

When a population of interbreeding individuals is divided following some form of barrier to gene exchange and then the two groups become reproductively isolated from each other and diverge so that they no longer share the same alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Phylogenetic tree is a way to show what two things?

A

descent and branching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Phylogenetic tree is a way to show what two things?

A

descent and branching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Phylogenetic tree anatomy: tips

A
  • Represents species or other taxonomic group (ends of branches)
  • can be a species, family, or higher taxa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Phylogenetic tree anatomy: branches

A

Represents progression of time after a speciation event (a lineage) that is inferred 99% of the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Phylogenetic tree anatomy: nodes

A
  • most recent common ancestor between two groups
  • two separate gene pools evolving independently of each other
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Chronogenesis

A

Enough anagenesis occurs that the new species does not resemble the original but no speciation occured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Anagenesis

A
  • evolution within a lineage without speciation (can occur along a branch)
  • change we see in traits due to happenings within a population
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Clade (define and aka)

A
  • a group of species that consists of an ancestor and all of its descendants
  • monophyletic group
64
Q

Paraphyletic group

A

Common ancestor and some but not all of descendants

65
Q

Phylogenies show what two things?

A
  • common ancestry with branching (each species traces back to its common ancestor)
  • each new trait as it appears and where it leads to other species within that trait (nested sets)
66
Q

Sister species/sister taxa

A

Two species/taxa that share a more recent common ancestor than they share with any other taxa (close relatives)

67
Q

Polytomy

A

3+ different groups split from the common ancestor at the same time

68
Q

Soft polytomy

A

Represents a lack of knowledge when polytomy is present in a tree

69
Q

Hard polytomy

A

Represents 3 species actually branching from one common ancestor

70
Q

What are the two ways of drawing a phylogenetic tree?

A
  • cladogram
  • phylogram
71
Q

Cladogram

A

Branch length does not matter only the order of the branching to show the relationship of clades

72
Q

Phylogram

A

Branch length indicates either time or amount of evolutionary change

73
Q

What must occur in a phylogram based on time?

A

All tips must come to the same point at the bottom

74
Q

What will happen to the branches of a phylogramz when it is based on evolutionary change?

A

The branches will come out at different points

75
Q

What are the three domains of life that were present at the early years of the origin of life?

A
  • archaea
  • eubacteria
  • eukarya
76
Q

The rise of what new state of organisms created a new era of organisms in the early years of the origin of life?

A

Diverse metabolic pathways

77
Q

____ seemed to dominate as the early life form building up large formations as ______.

A
  • prokaryotes
  • stromatolites
78
Q

Stromatolites

A

Bacterial mats of layered deposits

79
Q

What was the most common fossil before the cambrian era?

A

Stromatolites

80
Q

What did the increase on O2 within the atmosphere do to early earth? (3)

A
  • changed the atmosphere
  • changed the chemistry of the ocean
  • caused banded iron formations
81
Q

What did the increase on O2 within the atmosphere do to early earth?

A

Changed the atmosphere and caused banded iron formations

82
Q

What are banded iron formations?

A

Oxidation of iron from increase in atmospheric O2 caused iron deposits across the world by causing precipitated iron

83
Q

What does sexual reproduction allow for? (3)

A
  • genetic recombination
  • more genetic diversity
  • formation of more discrete gene pools
84
Q

What was the big first step in complexity among several of the early eukaryotic lineages?

A

Formation of symbioses

85
Q

Symbiosis

A
  • long term often necessary relationship between two species
  • mutualism
86
Q

Describe four examples of symbioses

A
  • bacteria engulfed by purple bacteria leading to mitochondria
  • lichen breaking down rocks to make soil
  • algae and cnidarian host where algae live in the coral skeleton
  • algae live in clams and produce their energy for them via photosynthesis
87
Q

The Cambrian explosion caused what important event in animal history?

A

Rise of multicellular organisms and increase in diversity

88
Q

What were fossil records like before the Cambrian explosion?

A

We didn’t see much before cambrian explosion because the organisms were soft and didn’t leave much fossil behind

89
Q

What were the major animal groups that appeared in the fossil record right after the Cambrian explosion?

A
  • Arthropoda
  • Chordata
  • Annelida
  • Mollusca
  • Brachiopoda
  • Echinodermata
90
Q

The paleozoic era was characterized by…

A

the slow rise and fall of many groups

91
Q

what are the four recognizable periods of the post-Cambrian world?

A
  • about 100my of increasing diversity
  • about 200my of stable diversity
  • and-Permian mass extinction
  • less than 200my of increasing diversity
92
Q

In the post-cambrian period there are about ___ mass extinction events with the worst being around ____ after the explosion.

A

-5
- 350my after

93
Q

What happened after the worst of the mass extinction events post-Cambrian

A

diversity grew and has not stopped or plateaued since

94
Q

What were the mechanisms that allowed for radiation events of life to occur? (4)

A
  • geographic opportunity
  • key innovation
  • climate change
  • extinction
95
Q

mechanisms of radiation: geographic opportunity

A
  • new habitats open up
  • plate tectonics open up new continents
96
Q

mechanisms of radiation: key innovation

A

features permitting the invasion of whole new types of niches

97
Q

mechanisms of radiation: climate change

A

new habitats are allowed to form

98
Q

mechanisms of radiation: extinction

A

empties olf niches and allows for less competition

99
Q

Holometabola insects

A
  • insects with whole-body metamorphosis
  • most successful animals on earth
  • possibly led to mass radiation of these types
  • account for all known animal species
100
Q

What happened to mammals after the dinosaurs went extinct?

A

mammals were able to diversify after dinos went extinct and were able to grow in size

101
Q

icons

A

representations of something we think of new ways of looking at old data to make it easier to understand or understand period/explain data better

102
Q

Plato (3)

A
  • essentialism
  • the fixity of species
  • the idea is more important than the real-life manifestations
103
Q

Aristotle (3)

A
  • the great chain of being
  • every species on earth fits somewhere on the ladder of life
  • single scale to try and organize biodiversity
104
Q

Carolus Linnaeus (3)

A
  • the role of natural science and classification as the elucidator of God’s wisdom
  • established the classification system used today
  • had no idea of evolution but instead was trying to understand the plans of God
105
Q

Materialist science

A

world is governed by universal laws

106
Q

Age of exploration

A

european powers increased their exploration of distant lands especially in the diverse tropics and the New World bringing back many new and unusual species and plants

107
Q

Compte de Buffon

A

accept special creation but each species came from about 1000 species and then evolved to be better adapted to their environment

108
Q

Reverend William Paley

A
  • watch needs a watch maker
  • bible and science are in agreeance with each other because biological organizations had to have had an intelligent creator to make them
109
Q

James Hutton and Charles Lyell

A

taking physics idea of materialist science and applying it to geology to determine how geological features came to be if you give it time to do so

110
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

A
  • spontaneous generation and transformation
  • inheritance of acquired characteristics
  • over time things become more complex despite every species spontaneously generated
  • diagonal lines from time on y axis
111
Q

Georges Cuvier (4)

A
  • anatomist
  • demonstrated extinctions in past but denounced evolution or transformation
  • father of comparative anatomy
  • did lots of research proving homologous traits
112
Q

who created the first extinction theory that was eventually used by darwin to prove his theories of evolution

A

georges cuvier

113
Q

Malthus “Population” (2)

A
  • population will grow exponentially and lead to either war or famine from lack of resources
  • gave darwin AHA moment for natural selection
114
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace (3)

A
  • father of biogeography
  • contacted darwin in 1858 about ideas of natural selection
  • did a dual presentation at Linnean Society of London 1858
115
Q

Darwin’s Origin of Species

A

marshaled evidence for evolution and provided a mechanism of variation for evolution

116
Q

five main topics of origin of species

A
  • evolution did in fact happen
  • common descent
  • gradualism
  • population speciation
  • natural selection
117
Q

gradualism in origin of species

A
  • demonstrated how this as a concept is compatible with life on earth
  • evolution doesn’t require a catastrophe or huge speciation event
118
Q

population speciation in origin of species

A
  • population thinking
  • evolution takes place at the population level
  • populations splitting from each other
119
Q

a kay change in iconography after darwin

A

life is a bush not a ladder

120
Q

Thomas Huxley

A

more socially assertive than darwin and made his own arguments for him outside the house

121
Q

Ernst Haeckel

A

introduced the term phylogeny and drew many of the first ones

122
Q

Ernst Mayr

A
  • pointed out the fundamentally different worldview evolution presented and how it is a materialist explanation of the world
  • systematics and speciation studying birds
123
Q

typologist

A

type is real and variation is an illusion

124
Q

evolutionist

A

type is illusion and variation is real

125
Q

type

A

platonic idea

126
Q

variation

A

noise or mistakes in creation

127
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

explained that life is not just a mixture that is forever mixed but a small number of things that give information that stays from generation to generation and original information can be recovered

128
Q

Modern synthesis of evolution

A
  • confluence of geneticists, systematists, and paleontologists grounded evolutionary biology in modern genetics and developed the mathematics of population genetics
  • ideas of evolution became much richer and more solid
129
Q

Ronald Fisher

A

formal mathematical description of selection

130
Q

George Gaylord Simpson

A

vertebrate paleontology

131
Q

Motoo Kimura

A
  • neutral theory
  • genomics
  • chance in population has no effect on selection with too much emphasis on selection
132
Q

Developmental biology

A

translating genes into organisms

133
Q

Molecular biology

A
  • mechanism of change at a fine level
  • structure and regulation of DNA
134
Q

What concept is related to Willi Hennig

A

phylogenetic systematics

135
Q

What are Darwin’s four postulates?

A
  1. individuals within species are variable (heritability)
  2. some of the variations are passed on to offspring
  3. in every generation more offspring are produced than can survive
  4. survival and reproduction are nor random
136
Q

What is the most common mutation type?

A

point mutation

137
Q

mutation types: missense

A

change DNA and change the protein

138
Q

mutation types: nonsense

A

makes a stop codon

139
Q

mutation types: frameshift

A

shift reading frame

140
Q

mutation types: synonymous substitution

A

change in DNA doesn’t change protein

141
Q

what kind of mutation occurs when the first position is changed?

A

sometimes the change is synonymous and other times it is nonsynonymous

142
Q

what kind of mutation occurs when the second position is changed?

A

100% nonsynonymous

143
Q

what kind of mutation occurs when the third position is changed?

A

100% synonymous

144
Q

What’s more common: synonymous or nonsynonymous mutation?

A

synonymous because there are multiple ways to get the same protein

145
Q

inversion

A

flip orientation of codon

146
Q

translocation

A

move codon to another location

147
Q

rearrangement

A

break and/or put together arms of genes

148
Q

de novo genes

A

mutations in non-coding region that create a start codon

149
Q

polyploidy

A

genome duplication

150
Q

how often are transversion mutations repaired

A

almost always

151
Q

how often are transition mutations repaired

A

frequently passed over despite being half as likely because they go undetected

152
Q

Describe the correct model for mutational effects

A

very concentrated around neutral and a lot of lethal but not at same rate as neutral

153
Q

Describe selectionist theory for mutational effects

A

plateaus before neutral, has a large drop and then there is a small hump containing all neutral and beneficial mutations

154
Q

describe kimura neutralist theory for mutational effects

A

plateaus until just past neutral and then goes almost to zero

155
Q

describe pan-naturalist theory for mutational effects

A

bell curve over the neutral point

156
Q

what theory does the correct curve explaining mutational effects look most like?

A

pan-neutralist

157
Q

what are the evolutionary implications of mutional effects?

A

Evolution (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions