Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the six steps of the scientific method?
question, hypothesis, test, results, conclusions, share
What are the five main research designs?
observational research, case studies, surveys, correlational designs, and experiments
What two forms can research take?
quantitative and qualitative
What is quantitative research?
focuses on numbers
What is qualitative research?
focuses on words
Psychology focuses on what form of research?
quantitative research
What is naturalistic observation?
research that studies human or animal behavior in its natural environment
What is structured observation?
researchers observe people or animals in a lab setting
What is an advantage of structured observation?
the experimenter can for more extraneous variables and save time
What are case studies?
research on one person or a small group based on careful observation
What’s an advantage of case studies?
you receive a good description of the behavior being investigated in one or two individuals
What’s a disadvantage of case studies?
what you’re learning may be unrepresentative of the larger population, which makes it lack generalizability
What is a survey?
a questionnaire consisting of at least one scale with some number of questions to assess a psychological construct of interest
What is correlational research?
examining the relationship between two variables or two groups of variables
What is a correlational coefficient?
the strength of a relationship measured numerically
What does it mean if a correlational coefficient is -1.00?
as one variable goes up the other goes down
What does it mean if a correlational coefficient is 0?
there is no relationship at all
What does it mean if a correlational coefficient is +1.00?
as one variable goes up or down, so does the other = a perfect relationship
What is an experiment?
a controlled test of a hypothesis in which a researcher manipulates one variable and measures its effects on another variable
What is an independent variable?
the variable that is manipulated
What is a dependent variable?
the variable that is measured
What is a control group?
a group that is not manipulated
What is an experimental group?
a group that is manipulated
What is random assignment?
participants have an equal chance of being in the control or experimental group
What is multi-method research?
employing several research approaches at different stages of the research process
What is a meta-analysis?
a statistical procedure that allows a researcher to combine data from more than one study
What is reliability?
describes how consistent a measure is
What is test-retest reliability?
how reliable a measure is across time
What is inter-rater reliability?
the consistency of results between different observers
What is validity?
a measure is considered valid if its scores represent the variable it is said to measure
What is a confound?
when a factor other than the independent variable leads to changes in the dependent variable
Where can bias occur in stages of research?
any stage of research
What is categorical in research?
categories
What is continuous in research?
a spectrum
What is operationalization?
taking a concept and turning it into a variable that can be measured
What is a demographic?
social identities that you carry
What does conflated mean in research?
to combine things into one
What does fluid mean?
change
What is performative perspective?
the idea that gender is a performance
What does implicit mean?
unconscious / internal
What does explicit mean?
external / you’re aware
What does discriminate mean?
favoring one over the other
What does othering mean?
When you don’t fit the norm, you’re considered “other”
What does intersex mean?
when someone is born with different variations based on hormones, genetics, and genitalia
What is an assigned gender at birth?
the gender you’re given at birth based on your genitalia
What does transgender mean?
when the assigned gender at birth does not match the current gender
What does cisgender mean?
assigned gender at birth corresponds with current gender
What is sex (older definition)?
classification of individuals as female or male based on genetic makeup, anatomy, and reproductive functions
What are sex roles?
culturally prescribed sets of behaviors for males and females
What are gender roles?
cultural beliefs applied to individuals on the basis of their socially assigned sex
What is intersexuality?
number of specific variations on the theme of biological sex
Why is the relationship between sex and gender complex?
it’s part biology and part social construction
What does androcentric mean?
male centered/focused
Who projects gender onto kids the most?
parents
What is anticipatory socialization?
language used to talk to the fetus changes after the ultrasound
What influences the way adults and others socialize children?
sex assigned at birth
How do we learn how to do gender?
we observe others and copy (social learning theory)
What is reinforcement?
response following a behavior that increases the behavior (ex: praise, attention)
What is punishment?
response following a behavior that decreases the behavior (ex: scolding, ignoring)
Children gain awareness of gender distinction when?
as early as 2-3 years old
What type of skills are developed with building sets?
spatial skills
What type of skills are developed playing with dolls?
conversation and playacting
What is symbolic annihilation?
when we don’t see people like us in the media, we later infer that we must be unimportant and not important in society
What is an apriori?
the assumptions that come before the rest of the assessment, argument, or analysis
What is cognitive development theory?
children’s understanding of gender progresses as they mature
What is gender schema theory?
mental frameworks of info about gender guide how we interpret, process, and remember gender-relevant info
What is gender-self socialization model?
children form gender identity, stereotypes, and self-views which vary in strength
What percentage of children describe themselves as trans, gender fluid, or nonbinary?
up to 3%
Evidence suggests what about trans children’s identities?
trans children’s identities match cis children’s identities
