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Psych of Sex & Gender > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the six steps of the scientific method?

A

question, hypothesis, test, results, conclusions, share

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2
Q

What are the five main research designs?

A

observational research, case studies, surveys, correlational designs, and experiments

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3
Q

What two forms can research take?

A

quantitative and qualitative

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4
Q

What is quantitative research?

A

focuses on numbers

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5
Q

What is qualitative research?

A

focuses on words

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6
Q

Psychology focuses on what form of research?

A

quantitative research

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7
Q

What is naturalistic observation?

A

research that studies human or animal behavior in its natural environment

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8
Q

What is structured observation?

A

researchers observe people or animals in a lab setting

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9
Q

What is an advantage of structured observation?

A

the experimenter can for more extraneous variables and save time

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10
Q

What are case studies?

A

research on one person or a small group based on careful observation

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11
Q

What’s an advantage of case studies?

A

you receive a good description of the behavior being investigated in one or two individuals

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12
Q

What’s a disadvantage of case studies?

A

what you’re learning may be unrepresentative of the larger population, which makes it lack generalizability

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13
Q

What is a survey?

A

a questionnaire consisting of at least one scale with some number of questions to assess a psychological construct of interest

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14
Q

What is correlational research?

A

examining the relationship between two variables or two groups of variables

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15
Q

What is a correlational coefficient?

A

the strength of a relationship measured numerically

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16
Q

What does it mean if a correlational coefficient is -1.00?

A

as one variable goes up the other goes down

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17
Q

What does it mean if a correlational coefficient is 0?

A

there is no relationship at all

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18
Q

What does it mean if a correlational coefficient is +1.00?

A

as one variable goes up or down, so does the other = a perfect relationship

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19
Q

What is an experiment?

A

a controlled test of a hypothesis in which a researcher manipulates one variable and measures its effects on another variable

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20
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

the variable that is manipulated

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21
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

the variable that is measured

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22
Q

What is a control group?

A

a group that is not manipulated

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23
Q

What is an experimental group?

A

a group that is manipulated

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24
Q

What is random assignment?

A

participants have an equal chance of being in the control or experimental group

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25
Q

What is multi-method research?

A

employing several research approaches at different stages of the research process

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26
Q

What is a meta-analysis?

A

a statistical procedure that allows a researcher to combine data from more than one study

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27
Q

What is reliability?

A

describes how consistent a measure is

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28
Q

What is test-retest reliability?

A

how reliable a measure is across time

29
Q

What is inter-rater reliability?

A

the consistency of results between different observers

30
Q

What is validity?

A

a measure is considered valid if its scores represent the variable it is said to measure

31
Q

What is a confound?

A

when a factor other than the independent variable leads to changes in the dependent variable

32
Q

Where can bias occur in stages of research?

A

any stage of research

33
Q

What is categorical in research?

A

categories

34
Q

What is continuous in research?

A

a spectrum

35
Q

What is operationalization?

A

taking a concept and turning it into a variable that can be measured

36
Q

What is a demographic?

A

social identities that you carry

37
Q

What does conflated mean in research?

A

to combine things into one

38
Q

What does fluid mean?

A

change

39
Q

What is performative perspective?

A

the idea that gender is a performance

40
Q

What does implicit mean?

A

unconscious / internal

41
Q

What does explicit mean?

A

external / you’re aware

42
Q

What does discriminate mean?

A

favoring one over the other

43
Q

What does othering mean?

A

When you don’t fit the norm, you’re considered “other”

44
Q

What does intersex mean?

A

when someone is born with different variations based on hormones, genetics, and genitalia

45
Q

What is an assigned gender at birth?

A

the gender you’re given at birth based on your genitalia

46
Q

What does transgender mean?

A

when the assigned gender at birth does not match the current gender

47
Q

What does cisgender mean?

A

assigned gender at birth corresponds with current gender

48
Q

What is sex (older definition)?

A

classification of individuals as female or male based on genetic makeup, anatomy, and reproductive functions

49
Q

What are sex roles?

A

culturally prescribed sets of behaviors for males and females

50
Q

What are gender roles?

A

cultural beliefs applied to individuals on the basis of their socially assigned sex

51
Q

What is intersexuality?

A

number of specific variations on the theme of biological sex

52
Q

Why is the relationship between sex and gender complex?

A

it’s part biology and part social construction

53
Q

What does androcentric mean?

A

male centered/focused

54
Q

Who projects gender onto kids the most?

A

parents

55
Q

What is anticipatory socialization?

A

language used to talk to the fetus changes after the ultrasound

56
Q

What influences the way adults and others socialize children?

A

sex assigned at birth

57
Q

How do we learn how to do gender?

A

we observe others and copy (social learning theory)

58
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

response following a behavior that increases the behavior (ex: praise, attention)

59
Q

What is punishment?

A

response following a behavior that decreases the behavior (ex: scolding, ignoring)

60
Q

Children gain awareness of gender distinction when?

A

as early as 2-3 years old

61
Q

What type of skills are developed with building sets?

A

spatial skills

62
Q

What type of skills are developed playing with dolls?

A

conversation and playacting

63
Q

What is symbolic annihilation?

A

when we don’t see people like us in the media, we later infer that we must be unimportant and not important in society

64
Q

What is an apriori?

A

the assumptions that come before the rest of the assessment, argument, or analysis

65
Q

What is cognitive development theory?

A

children’s understanding of gender progresses as they mature

66
Q

What is gender schema theory?

A

mental frameworks of info about gender guide how we interpret, process, and remember gender-relevant info

67
Q

What is gender-self socialization model?

A

children form gender identity, stereotypes, and self-views which vary in strength

68
Q

What percentage of children describe themselves as trans, gender fluid, or nonbinary?

A

up to 3%

69
Q

Evidence suggests what about trans children’s identities?

A

trans children’s identities match cis children’s identities

Psych of Sex & Gender (1 decks)

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