Exam 1 Flashcards
What is Counceling?
The skilled and principled use of relationship to facilitate self-knowledge, emotional acceptance and growth and the optimal development of personal resources
What are three factors of a Newtonian view of the world? (Freudian psych in based on this)
Conservation of energy: energy can be neither created or destroyed
Forces: pushes and pulls that cause motions
-Cause and effect: equal and opposite reaction
What is the overall aim of counsellors?
to provide an opportunity for people to work towards living more satisfyingly and resourcefully
What are some main goals of councelling
- developmental issues
- addressing and resolving specific problems
- making decisions
- coping with crisis
- developing personal insights and knowledge,
working through feelings of inner conflict or improving relationships with others
What is Positivism
everything can be scientifically measured and verified
What is Counceling Theory
provides order and meaning..
and helps to explain how individuals develop, problems individuals face and how counselling can help
What is Empiricism
a focus on the observable, measurable, and testable
What is the scientific method?
a specific process of experimentation used to make observations and answers questions/hypotheses
T/F - All Counceling theories believe:
people are born with certain innate tendencies and psychological functions
True
What is the Psyche?
The totality of mental life
-psychological energy contributes to mental life in a closed system
What is life purpose? (according to freud)
To satisfy biological needs
T/F - All Counceling theories believe:
people are influenced by their environments
True
T/F - All Counceling theories believe:
People develop due to an interaction of innate tendencies, environment, and other factors
True
T/F - All Counceling theories believe:
People can funciton in preferable or non preferable ways
True!
What is Drive? (related to life purpose, Freud)
Drive
T/F - All Counceling theories believe:
People can develop further - to a more preferable mode of functioning
true!
T/F - All Counceling theories believe:
counselling can help people develop toward more preferable functioning
True
When looking at how counselling theories differ…
HOW do we assess that?
- how people are different
- how people are influenced by their emotions
- how people develop
- What constitutes preferable functioning
- How people change
- How counselling helps people change toward more preferable functioning
What is Cathexis?
investing in gratifying objects
what is Anticathexis?
withdrawal of energy from an object of gratification
What two processes is mental life characterized by? (freud)
Primary Process: non-logical thinking
Secondary Process: distinguishing between inner experience and reality
What are the disadvantages of having multiple Counceling theories
each theory becomes a filter that may miss, dismiss, misinterpret or deny certain data
what are the advantages of having multiple Counceling theories?
provides multiples perspectives for understanding and working with the same issue so each persona can find the right fit.
What are some common factors of counselling theories?
Therapeutic elements that are consistent across all, or almost all, theories of counselling.
What percentage of counselling effectiveness is the therapeutic relationship?
30%
what percentage of Counceling effectiveness is because of therapist techniques?
15%
What are the three topographical levels? (structure of the psyche)
conscious
preconscious
unconscious
what percentage of Counselling effectiveness is because of extratheraputic factors?
40%
what percentage of counselling effectiveness is because of the clients expectations to improve?
15%
What are the three parts of the structural model? (structure of the psyche)
Id
Ego
Superego
What is meant by extratheraputic factors?
- severity of clients problem
- capacity to change
- Tollerance for emotional difficulty that comes with counselling (ego strength)
- support system
Tell me about what Freud thought about dreams
During sleep, the ego and superego relax
-drives are energized by the id and the unconscious wishes of the ego
-the relaxed ego fantasies wish fulfilment via symbolism
-nightmares are the egos failure to create an adequate fantasy
Defence mechanisms: What are two general characteristics of them?
-deny or distort reality
-operate unconsciously
Why Is it important for therapists to be aware of any ruptures in the relationship?
so that there is less variability in the relationship with the client..
(lower variability in alliance is related to better outcomes)
What are three categories of defence mechanisms?
Avoidance
Developmental
Substitution
What defence mechanisms are in the category “avoidance” (8)
-repression
-denial
-intellectualization (ex. client speaks of traumatic event in plain tone)
-fantasy
-rationalization
-identification
-projection
-reaction formation
What are two defence mechanisms in the category “developmental”
Fixation (remains at a certain level of development)
Regression
What are three defence mechanisms are under the category “substitution”?
-displacement
-compensation
-sublimation
What did freud think about the influence of environment?
The environment, especially the social environment, were regarded as powerful influences on personality development
*children are completely dependent on primary caretakers
*Teachers and public figures also play a role later
What are “psychological assaults from the environment”? (three)
Privation: desired object is unavailable
Deprivation: desired object is withheld or withdrawn
Trauma: internal demands from the id and/or external excitations produce more energy than the ego can handle
Why will a person never be free of anxiety?
-competing desires of drives
-experiences in the natural and social world
-authority figures
What are Freuds stages of psychosexual development? (5)
-oral
-anal
-phallic EW
-latent
-genital
*the interaction of the sexual drive and the environment is seen in these stages
What are the 10 categories to the complexity of body weight? idfk what this is
media
social
psychological
economic
food
activity
infrastructure
development
biological
medical
What is healthy functioning (freud)
-normal cognitive abilities
-adsence of propensity from excessive anxiety
-moderatte gratification and frustration
-minimal use of defence mechanisms
What is unhealthy functioning (freud)
-weakened/underdeveloped ego
-excessive indulgence
-extreme privation, deprivation, or abuse
What is the key process of personality change? (freud)
insight
What is the clients role in personality change (freud)
free association
-report thought freely, uninterrupted
-enables client to relax defences and reveal unconscious
What is a counsellors role in personality change (freud)
empathy
intuition
introspection
detached and objective
-threatened by counter-transference - counsellors need to watch their opinion
counsellors who have a consistently accurate perception of the relationship might support ____
consistently better outcomes
What are the steps of “change process” (freud)
-opening
-transference
–>3-6 months of therapy, client develops unreasonable expectations of counsellor
-working through
-resolution
–>client and counsellor agree that they’ve reached their goals
*might want to re watch this section it was weird, slide is titled change process and techniques
Psychoanalytic Theory Progression:
What is Drive theory?
emphasizes pleasure and aggressive drives
(basically identical to classical psychoanalysis)
What are the techniques of personality change? (freud)
-free association
-interpretation
-addressing resistance
–> how a counsellor responds to resistance depends on what the resistance is
What are criticisms of psychoanalysis?
-Nature/Nurture: too much biological emphasis
-Managed care: costly, time consuming, not evidence based
–Diversity considerations: culture-bound, sexist, heterosexist, failure to consider spirituality
What are two of Freuds disproven ideas?
-childs bond with mother as based on oral stimulation
-expressing anger as health-promoting
Psychoanalytic Theory Progression:
what is Ego Psychology?
emphasizes the ego’s role in regulating, controlling, and channelling drives
what did Anna Freud elaborate on?
the ego’s defense mechanisms
What is the current status of Freuds Psychoanalysis?
-several schools of thought that emerged from Freudian psychoanalysis are still in use today (drive theory, ego psychology, object relations, self psychology)
-modern approaches to psychoanalysis reflect evolutions in recognizing the importance of:
-theraputic relationship
-empathy
-experiential quality of insights
-complete therapist objectivity is impossible
What did Heinz Hartman expand on?
the conceptualizations of the ego’s abilities
What are Object Relations?
emphasizes objects in a. person’s infancy / childhood and how a person experienced and internalized those objects
what is a an object (in object relations theory)
object of desire that satisfies a drive (usually a caregiver)
Perceptions of Objects are the most important..
elaborated …
the quality of relationships influence an individuals ego development through out life.
Actions of the objects are less important than the perceptions of the object..
(it doesnt really matter what you do, its how they perceive you)
What was the aim of the study by Abargil et al. (2023
-examine the association between transference intensity and counselling outcomes
-the extent to which client Core Conflict Relationship Theme (CCRT) patterns with their counsellor were similar to patterns with their parents
Why did Heinz Kohut think that classical psychoanalysis wand related theories were limited?
they were limited in their understanding of more severe mental illness
What are the philosophical underpinnings of classical psychoanalysis
- biological urges
- pathology
- irrational drives
- distant objectivity
- insight as curative
What three client relationship patterns towards parents were associated with outcome? (Abargil et.al. (2023)
-counselling was most effective when positive wish towards parents was not associated with symptoms
-counselling was most effective when negative response from others towards parents was associated with increased symptoms
-counselling was most effective when negative response from self towards parents was associated with increased symptoms
what are the philosophical underpinnings of self Psychology?
- Social urges
- Developmental potentials
- legitimate psychological needs
- experience-near subjectivity
- empathy as curative
what is more closely aligned with humanism?
self psychology or psychoanalytic?
Self psychology
wants to emphasize the goodness of humans..
criticized the mechanistic and deterministic focus of psychoanalysis. thought it was missing elements of the human experience..
He believed that a child is powerfully influenced, but not tally determined by their environment
Who is the founder of self psychology?
Heinz Kohut
What is the primary function of humans?
to relate with over humans
we have a drive to engage in relationships with others
What three client relationship patterns towards counsellors were associated with outcome? (2023)
-counselling was most effective when higher negative wish scores towards
-Counselling was most effective when higher positive response of self scores towards the counsellor was associated with decreased symptoms
What were the CCRT results for the research by Abargil et al (2023)
- correlations between the CCRT components for parents and counsellor reflect the transference proccess in psychodynamic counselling
-results related to the interaction between strength of CCRT components and outcomes
–>in more effective treatment, the intensity of transference was associated with higher symptom scores
Kohut saw drives as a secondary function to ensure a person’s effort to their first funtion… to relate to others…
yaaaap
Self objects are secondary objects (usually other people)… they support the need to relate to others and develop bonds
LOL
no idea but I wrote it down
What are self objects
External Objects (usually people)… who are usually experienced as providing intrapsychic functions.
intrapsychic = occurring within the psyche
self objects = external things that you bond to and internalize to feel calmer e.g., your mom.
WHAT?
Who was Alfred Adler?
-started as a general practitioner
-met freud and became involved in psychodynamic community
-disagreed with many of Freuds ideas, left psychoanalysis to form his own theory
What is self-psychologies perception why infants bond with self-objects
so that they may develop structural and functional capacities of the self
What were Adler’s “philosophical underpinnings” (his ideas?? idk)
-Social embeddedness: social importance, everyone is driven to find superiority (significance)
-Responsibility: ppl are responsible for thoughts, feelings, ppl can choose their actions
-Phenomenology: each person perceives experiences in their own way
-Teleology: IDK
-Holism: person can only be understood by understanding patterns of their thinking
-Soft determinism: we have choice in how we react
In self psychology, what is transmuting internalization?
the function of the external self object are gradually transformed into internal capacities…
you develop a sense of self through transmuting internalizations..
The self consists of three innate self-object needs:
1) What is Empathetic Attunement and Mirroring
the self object accurately perceives the infants emotional states and emerging abilities and responds with acceptance, validation, admiration, and caring action
What two innate motives can human functioning be understood by? (Adler)
striving for superiority and social interest
The self consists of three innate self-object needs:
2) What is idealization?
the infant perceives a self-object as great, all powerful, all knowing, and connects and merges with that self object..
(it helps to create an image of who they could become, what their potential could be)
What is striving for superiority (Adler)
motive to move from a sense of inferiority to superiority (i.e., competence, belonging, significance)
The self consists of three innate self-object needs:
3) What is Twinship?
the individuals’ need to experience alikeness to a self-object
(e.g., a parent allowing their kid to rake leaves, wash dishes, help out)
What is social interest (Adler)
motive to strive for superiority in a way that contributes to others and to society
-each person is born with potential, but must train to foster it
What are optimal empathic failures?
when the self object needs are not met in some way, but the child develops a way to cope with that themselves..
What are Adler’s two structures of the psyche?
lifestyle and life tasks
What is “lifestyle” in Adlers structure of the psyche
-beliefs about self, others, and the world that are reflected in their thoughts, feelings, and approaches to achieving superiority
-based on private logic:
–lifestyle: unconscious longterm goal - aspirational, never attainable. person feels it would fully secure superiority
–hidden goals: relatively conscious reasons for behaviour
–immediate goals: operationalize hidden goals (daily answers to longterm goals)
-Structured around personality priorities
What does the child gain Through the attainment of the self’s innate self-object needs?
child is able to engage in transmutation and develop a healthy self development
all about how the self develops
What are the two main components of the psyche?
the self, and personality
what is the self?
a sense of identity that provides a person cohesion, organization, and continuity in space and time
What is nuclear ambition?
a part of self
- general desire and initiative to achieve goals
what is talents and skills?
a part of self..
- resources to achieve goals
what is guiding ideals?
a part of self..
- goals one aspires to achieve
what is personality?
consists of relatively persistent feelings and actions.
T/F family usually plays the most central role in the development of the self?
ya
What is “life tasks” in Adlers structure of the psyche?
-love: establish relationships
-work: contribute to society
-friendship: how connected to those in the community (quality over quantity)
-self: how well one has sense of self
-spirituality: sense of something greater that drives them
who will likely be the most important self objects?
primary caregivers
what ‘basic needs’ does a caregiver provide that directly correspond to positive vs. negative self development?
- empathy
- idealization
-twinship - optimal empathic failures
Do self objects change? or do they remain the same person forever?
they tend to change as a person develops.. from caregivers to peers, teachers (in adolescence), and romantic partners in adulthood
What care factors in the family environment (Adler)
-Family: a child’s first society
-children are sensitive to how they can belong in the family unit and what role the can occupy
-parents establish the psychological atmosphere
–>values of parents, most important being social interest
-siblings and psychological birth order help a child identify what role they occupy
–>helps with development
–>*teeter-totter effect: where one child takes initiative, other fills another
cultural self objects?
dont know
when does Healthy functioning occur?
when self object relations provide empathy, idealization, twinship and optimal empathic failures..
How does a child develop a positive structure of self?
through transmuting internalization
they can increase meeting their own needs, becoming more independent but never fully detaching from external objects
When does Unhealthy functioning occur?
when self object relations are absent or tenuous, the self remains undeveloped.
When a child develops a less than optimal self.. what will they exhibit
mental illness lol
What is healthy functioning (Adler)
meeting the tasks of life with adaptable problem solving strategies (with others wellbeing intact)
-developed by perceiving and developing a sense of significance and connectedness
*continually striving for health
What corresponds to the severity of mental illness?
the timing and severity of empathy failures
if all three needs are chronically absent.. you’re fucked. (extensive unhealthy functioning)
What is unhealthy functioning (Adler)
discouraged, striving for superiority with a decreased sense of social interest
-basic inferiority:universal experience
-inferiority feelings: subjective evaluation of self
-inferiority complex: behavioural identity of believing you are inferior, avoiding tasks of life to safeguard
*pampering, neglect, abuse create this - creates inaccurate views of the world
Where does personality change happen?
via self-object relations where one experiences empathy, idealization, twinship, and optimal empathic failure.
How does counselling involve reparenting?
therapist provides self-object functions for the client that primary caretakers did not provide..
transmuting internalization occurs and the self develops more fully
have to fulfill the self object needs required to achieve transmutation
client experiences empathic attunement, can engage in twinship
What are 3 safeguarding mechanisms? (Adler)
-Distancing: withdraw from decisions to protect
-Hesitating: ?
-Detouring: protects from failure by focusing on something else
-Narrowed path: east tasks only to feel better
In response to reparenting, what does forming self-object relations with the counsellor lead to?
reactivation of needs
optimal empathic failure
re-establish empathic bond
What are 4 mistaken beliefs? (Adler)
-overgeneralization: use one experience to contaminate others
-false/impossible goals of security: “only if”
-Minimization: person acts inferior
-Faulty values: absence of social interest
What is the clients role in the process of change?
self-object transference
so that optimal empathic failures can promote self object transmutations
When does change occur in Adlers version of personality change?
When people choose to modify their lifestyle (thoughts, feelings, emotions)
What is the counsellors role in Adlers personality change?
-fostering social interest
-facilitate a decrease in inferiority feelings
-facilitate change in mistaken aspects of lifestyle
-facilitate change in faulty motivation
-encouraging the client to recognize equality among all people
what is the counsellors role?
sustained empathic inquiry, reparent, offer misinterpretations, detect and address empathic failures
misinterpretations can constitute empathic failures.. the client will have an emotional reaction in counselling to what is actually warranted in the situation?
What are the two phases of counselling?
the understanding phase
and the explanatory phase
what is the clients role in Adlers personality change
insight into mistaken aspects of lifestyle
*client and counsellor neat to have aligned goals of improvement
What is the understanding phase of counselling?
engages in efforts to try to understand the clients experiences, from the perspective of the client
What are 4 Alderian counselling processes?
-relationship development
-lifestyle assessment: exploration of lifestyle and something else
-insight: counsellor and client evaluate patterns of client, understand how inner common sense is causing problems
-reorientation: clients demonstrate insight through action and change
what is the explanatory phase of counselling?
uses their understanding of their self object relationships.. how its related to the functioning for development of self.
Topics of self psychology follow a general sequence..
(4)
1) immediate symptoms and related concerns
2) clients history with an emphasis on self-object relationships
3) nature of immediate relationship between client and counsellor
4) manifestations and resolutions of the clients self-object transference
What is Adlerian lifestyle assessment?
-family constellation: psychological birth order assessed
-personality priorities
-early recollections: current life philosophy from early life to uncover lifestyle?
-question: in your problems weren’t present, how would you life be different?
-identifying basic mistakes: summary provides basic strategies that may be incongruent
What did Kohut think about nature-nurture
he emphasized the family enviormental influence..
acknowledged that a genetic predisposition does affect tan infants potential to develop self object relations
What did Kohut think about DSM diagnoses
didnt like diagnostic labels lol
What are some contributions and limitations of Adlers theory?
-provided optimistic view of human functioning, focused on potential as opposed to psychopathology
-limited by many abstract concepts, not considered evidence-based
-Nature/nurture: choice may not be as extreme as Adler theorized
-DSM diagnosis: “theoretically useless”
-managed care: brief since inception
-diversity considerations: sensitive to equity issues related to gender, racial identity, sexuality, and spirituality
managed care & self psychology..
traditional self psychology is long term, but some have adapted it to briefer forms of Counceling
What about diversity and self psychology?
the experience near approach of self psychology that emphasizes understanding what it is like to be the client positions it to see beyond cultural preconceptions ( with identified limits)
what is the therapeutic effectiveness of self psychology?
there is a body of evidence that supports self psychology as an evidenced based counselling theory
its also under the umbrella of psychodynamic approaches..
Kim et al. (2020) summary
-Hwa-byung: mental illness in South Korean culture when someone has suppressed anger for long periods of time
-Adlerian counselling was culturally appropriate to use
Results: treatment group had significantly lower scores than the control group on symptoms of: Hwa-byung, depression, anxiety
-post-group increases in social interest among the treatment group was associated with reductions in symptoms of wha-byung and depression
what was the main criticism of Kohut / self psychology?
kohut failed to dot appropriately acknowledge the impact of previous theoriess on the development of self psychology
oweh no he didnt mention freud.
How did Kohut contribute to the field of psychodynamic?
- reformulations of narcissims
- transmuting internalization
- self-object and self-object transference
- importance of empathy -centrality of the clients self-experience
