Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the 5 freedoms?
-Thirst, hunger, and malnutrition
-Express normal behaviors
-Fear and distress
-Pain and injury
-Discomfort
Why are animals fasted 12-24 hours before harvest?
Makes evisceration process easier and minimizes migration of GI tract
What are some benefits to the animals having free access to water?
-facilitates electrical stunning
-provides for easier blood removal
-easier pelt/hide removal
-brightens lean color
What did the Humane Slaughter Act of 1960 state?
Animals must be rendered senseless to pain prior to being shackled, hoisted, and cut
What practices are exempt from the Humane Slaughter Act of 1960?
Halal and Kosher
What’s the harvest process?
-Animal Handling
-Antemortem Inspection
-Immobilization/stunning
-Exsanguination
-Dressing Procedures
-Carcass washing
Immobilization systems
knock-box
v-belt restrainer
center track restrainer
3 types of stunning
Mechanical, Chemical, and Electrical
2 types of mechanical stunning
concussion- doesn’t penetrate the skull
-stunning hammer
penetrative- does penetrate the skull
-captive bolt
Types of Chemical stunning
CO2 chambers usually swine
methods of electrical stunning
head only, head and back, head and ribs
Determining effective stun
- no blinking
- no eye movement in response to touch
- no rhythmic breathing
- no response to ear or nose pinch
- no arched back or righting reflex
What is exsanguination?
removing blood from animal causing death
What are the dressing procedures?
removal of non-edible portions; hair/hide, head, viscera and pluck
Why do they clean the spinal cords?
to get rid of transmission of diseases like BSE
What are we doing when we wash the carcass?
removing FMI; feed milk ingesta
How long are beef carcasses chilled?
24-48 hours
How long are Lamb/Goat carcasses chilled?
16-24 hours
What’s the chilling process for pork carcasses?
23 degrees for 2 hours
-20 degrees for 30 minutes
30-32 degrees for 22-24 hours
What did The Jungle by Upton Sinclair bring rise to?
dirty processing plants and The Meat Inspection Act of 1906
How does The Poultry Products Inspection Act of 1957 differ?
They are sold live or “New York Dressed”
What does the Humane Slaughter Act of 1958 state?
Slaughtered humanely
What does the Wholesome Meat Act of 1967 state?
Plant must meet USDA and Federal Inspection no matter what
What are the 2 Exceptions to these Acts?
Curtis Amendment
Farmer’s/ Custom Exemption
What is the Curtis Amendment?
allows processing of wild game in processing plants but with the proper sanitations and cleaning in between species. NO PIGS
What are the 4 key things that you must meet for federal meat inspection?
health
- no disease
wholesome
-non-adulterated
properly labeled
-is what it says
sound
-clean and sanitary
What are the basic functions in Federal Meat Inspection?
-detection and destruction of diseased meat
-assurance of clean and sanitary handling/preparation
-prevention of false labeling
-application of inspection stamp
Which stamp is voluntary?
Meat Grade Stamp
Which stamp is mandatory?
Meat Inspection Stamp
What is the Meat Grade Stamp regulated by?
Agriculture Marketing Service (AMS)
What is the Meat Inspection Stamp regulated by?
Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS)
What are CCPs?
Critical Control Points
What are the 3 CCPs?
Physical- hair
Chemical- cleaning products
Biological- salmonella
What is meat?
animal tissues used for human consumption
What’s the chemical composition of a muscle?
Water, Protein, Fat, Minerals Vitamins and Carbs
What % of the muscle is Water?
75%
What % of the muscle is protein?
20%
What % of the muscle is fat?
3%
What % of the muscle is Minerals Vitamins and Carbs?
2%
What type of muscle is voluntary, striated, and multi-nucleated?
Skeletal
What type of muscle is involuntary, striated, branched, and single nucleated?
Cardiac
What type of muscle is involuntary, not striated, and single nucleated?
Smooth
Wheres the epimysium?
Around the entire muscle
Where’s the Perimysium?
Around the muscle bundles
Where’s the Endomysium?
Around the muscle fibers
Where’s the Sarcolemma?
Around the Sarcomere
What are the 2 types of myofilaments?
actin and myosin
Which filament constitutes the A band?
Myosin
Which filament constitutes the I band?
Actin
How much of myofibrilar protein does myosin constitute?
45%
How much of myofibrilar protein does actin constitute?
20%
What kind of Actins are there?
G and F-actin
G-actin is
a single molecule
F-actin is
a chain of G-actins
Where is Tropomyosin?
it lies on the surface of the 2 coiled chains of F-actin
Where’s Troponin?
In the grooves of actin and lies along tropomyosin
Red fibers
-calm
-slow contraction
-small fiber diameter
-high oxidative metabolism
-high lipid content
White fibers
-crazy
-fast contraction
-large fiber diameter
-low lipid content
-high glycolytic metabolism
Types of fat
-Mesenteric
-Perinephric
-Intermuscular
-Subcutaneous
-Intramuscular
What is Mesenteric fat?
Internal/Viscera
What’s Perinephric fat?
Internal/KPH
What’s Intermuscular fat?
Seam
What’s Subcutaneous fat?
External
What’s Intramuscular fat?
Marbling
What are the 10 essential amino acids?
Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine
What are the divisions of vertebrae?
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Caudal
How many are in cervical?
7
How many are in Thoracic?
13
How many are in Lumbar?
7
How many are in sacral?
4
How many are in caudal?
12
