Exam 1 Flashcards
Study
Opium Wars
(1839-1842) Europe sending opium, many Chinese citizens are addicted, causing health and financial issues
Taiping Tianguo Uprising
(1850-1864) Qing troops (mainly Hunan army) defeat the uprising using Western imported weapons.
100 Day Reform
(1898)
Boxing Uprising
(1898-1901) The “boxers” who were mostly poop peasants, resisted encroachment of foreign powers. Many were punished when foreign troops stormed Beijing.
Westernization Movement
(1860s-1890s) Westernization movement was an effort to retain Chinese culture while integrating technology from the west.
1800s events:
- Opium wars (1839-1842)
- Taiping Tianguo Uprising (1850-1864)
- 100-day Reform (1898)
- Boxing Uprising (1898-1901)
and while this is all going on… - Westernization movement (1860s-1890s)
Orthodox Literati (and who)
- Effort to retain literati tradition and essence.
- Wang Shimin and Wang Hui
- Literati tradition = 2,000-3,000 years old
- Imagination, not much looking at reference
- Leave some blank and untouched, let it breathe
- High class (Qing dynasty)
Eccentric Literati (and who)
- Effort to defy traditional literati rules
- The 4 monks (Hangmen, Duncan, Zhu Da, Shitao) were experiencing marginalization, so they become monks to be safe. They painted in nature bc of spiritual and physical proximity. 17th century.
- Yangzhou School was a prosperous area in China. 18th century.
Wang Shimin
- DATE LIVED
- Master of traditional (orthodox) literati
- Emphasizing difference with every stroke
- “6 masters”
- Energetic brushwork
Wang Hui
- DATE LIVED
- Orthodox literati
- Closer to real world, atmospheric
- Less empty space left
Who were the 4 monks?
Hongren, Kuncan, Zhu Da, Shitao
Dianshizhai Pictorial
- (1872) Shanghai Daily founded, Chinese newspaper taking Inso from the west. First newspaper in China available to anyone.
- (1876) Dianshi Studio opened, publishing house
- (1884) Dianshi Pictorial added to the paper, ppl LOVE it, huge deal in popular culture
- (1898) Publications stopped
- Lithographic text used to print
- Ethical and educational elements often injected
- Often depicted new technologies
- Wanted to function as an encyclopedia by covering all detail
Urban Literati Art (and who)
- In the late 19th-early 20th century, shift taking place
- Ppl taking refuge in Shanghai, sending a lot of educated ppl to the city, creating a new Shanghai w these immigrants
- Foreign and domestic cultures clashed and coexisted
- Ppl that were trained in literati art are now going to an urban area, creating a fusion.
- Zhao Zhiqian, Xugu, 3 Rens
The 2 calligraphy styles
- Bei (stone style) and tie (copy book style)
Bei
- Characters carved on stone
- Masculine
- More horizontal
Tie
- Imitating what the masters would do
- Feminine
- More vertical
Zhao Zhiqian
- (1829-1884)
- Urban Literati
- Monk
- Talented caligrapher (Bei)
Xugu
- (1823-1898)
- Urban Literati
- Monk
- Wonderful at painting every subject
Three Rens
- Ren Xiong, Ren Xun, Ren Bonian
- Not from same family, but grouped
- Xiong and Xun are brothers, Boniam is Xun’s student
- Western elements + traditional elements taken from the old masters
Ren Xiong
- (DATE)
- Urban literati
- Expert in scholarship and the martial arts
- Xun’s brother
Ren Xun
- (DATE)
- Urban Literati
- More of an introspective personality
- Works are more quiet, elegant, beautiful
- Xiong’s brother
Ren Boniam
- (DATE)
- Urban literati
- Became most successful painter in Urban literati art
- Stayed for a short time at the T workshop
- Xun’s student
Differences and similarities: Orthodox and Eccentric
Orthodox
- Less unique, more stylized to what literati masters of the past would do
Eccentric
- Exploring individuality, more experimental
Both
- Both literati styles, and both are needed to provide a comprehensive history of literati art and its impact.
