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Psychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the focus of Clinical Psychology?

A

Diagnosing and treating severe mental disorders.

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2
Q

What does Counseling Psychology assist with?

A

Everyday life issues, personal problems, and life transitions.

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3
Q

What does Health Psychology examine?

A

How psychological factors affect health and illness.

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4
Q

What does Developmental Psychology study?

A

Growth and changes across the lifespan, including cognitive, emotional, and social development.

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5
Q

What is the main concern of Personality Psychology?

A

Investigating individual differences and personality traits.

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6
Q

What topics does Social Psychology explore?

A

How individuals interact and are influenced by others.

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7
Q

What does Cross-Cultural Psychology compare?

A

Psychological functioning across different cultures.

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8
Q

Who is considered the ‘Father of Experimental Psychology’?

A

Wilhelm Wundt.

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9
Q

What approach did Wilhelm Wundt develop?

A

Structuralism.

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10
Q

What does Structuralism focus on?

A

Understanding the structure of the mind by breaking it down into basic components.

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11
Q

Who is known as the father of American psychology?

A

William James.

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12
Q

What did William James contribute to psychology?

A

Founded functionalism and the American Psychological Association (APA).

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13
Q

What is the main focus of Functionalism?

A

How mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment.

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14
Q

What does the Neuroscience Perspective study?

A

How biological processes in the brain and nervous system influence behavior.

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15
Q

Which perspective emphasizes observable behaviors and learning from the environment?

A

Behavioral Perspective.

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16
Q

Which theorists are associated with the Behavioral Perspective?

A

John Watson and B.F. Skinner.

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17
Q

What does the Psychodynamic Perspective emphasize?

A

Unconscious inner forces and conflicts influencing behavior.

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18
Q

Who originated the Psychodynamic Perspective?

A

Sigmund Freud.

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19
Q

What is the focus of the Cognitive Perspective?

A

Internal mental processes like thinking, memory, and problem-solving.

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20
Q

What does the Humanistic Perspective emphasize?

A

Human potential, self-actualization, and free will.

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21
Q

Which psychologists are associated with the Humanistic Perspective?

A

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.

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22
Q

What is the key difference between Clinical and Counseling Psychology?

A

Clinical deals with severe mental disorders; Counseling assists with everyday life issues.

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23
Q

How does Health Psychology differ from Clinical Psychology?

A

Health Psychology focuses on how psychological factors affect physical health.

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24
Q

What is the difference between Developmental and Personality Psychology?

A

Developmental studies changes over the lifespan; Personality focuses on individual differences.

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25
Q

What distinguishes Social Psychology from Cross-Cultural Psychology?

A

Social Psychology studies social influences on individuals; Cross-Cultural compares psychological processes across cultures.

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26
Q

What degree is typically required to become a licensed psychologist?

A

A doctoral degree (Ph.D., Psy.D., or Ed.D.).

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27
Q

What is the primary purpose of the Scientific Method in psychology?

A

To provide a systematic approach to inquiry and evidence-based conclusions.

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28
Q

What are the basic steps of the Scientific Method?

A

Ask a question, do background research, construct a hypothesis, test with an experiment, analyze data, draw conclusions, report results.

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29
Q

Approximately how many neurons are in the human nervous system?

A

About 1 trillion neurons.

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30
Q

What is the function of neurons in the nervous system?

A

Transmit information via electrical and chemical signals.

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31
Q

What neurotransmitter is deficient in Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Dopamine.

32
Q

Which mental disorder is associated with overproduction of dopamine?

A

Schizophrenia.

33
Q

What is the most common neurotransmitter and what is it associated with?

A

Glutamate; associated with learning and memory.

34
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

Balance and coordination.

35
Q

What is the role of the reticular formation?

A

Regulates sleep, wakefulness, and attention.

36
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Acts as a relay station for sensory information.

37
Q

What basic needs does the hypothalamus regulate?

A

Hunger, thirst, and temperature control.

38
Q

What is the ‘All-or-None Law’ in neuron firing?

A

Neurons either fire completely or not at all; no partial firing.

39
Q

Define a neurotransmitter.

A

Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses from one neuron to another.

40
Q

What does ‘Tabula Rasa’ translate to?

A

‘Blank Slate.’

41
Q

What is consciousness?

A

Awareness of internal and external stimuli, including sensations, thoughts, and feelings.

42
Q

What is insomnia?

A

Difficulty in falling or staying asleep.

43
Q

What is sleep apnea?

A

Breathing stops briefly during sleep due to airway blockage.

44
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

Sudden, uncontrollable sleep attacks during normal waking hours.

45
Q

What is the Activation-Synthesis Theory of dreams?

A

Dreams result from the brain’s attempt to make sense of random neural activity during sleep.

46
Q

How do sleep patterns differ between children and adults?

A

Children spend more time in deep sleep; adults experience less deep sleep and more awakenings.

47
Q

What are the stages of sleep?

A

Stages 1-4 (NREM sleep) and REM sleep.

48
Q

What is the manifest content of a dream?

A

The literal storyline and events of a dream as remembered by the dreamer.

49
Q

What are examples of depressants?

A

Alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates.

50
Q

What are examples of stimulants?

A

Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines.

51
Q

What are examples of narcotics (opiates)?

A

Morphine, heroin, oxycodone.

52
Q

What are examples of hallucinogens?

A

LSD, psilocybin mushrooms.

53
Q

Define classical conditioning.

A

Learning through association between two stimuli.

54
Q

Who is the key figure associated with classical conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov.

55
Q

Define operant conditioning.

A

Learning through consequences (reinforcement and punishment).

56
Q

Who is the key figure associated with operant conditioning?

A

B.F. Skinner.

57
Q

What happens during extinction in classical conditioning?

A

The conditioned response diminishes when the unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned stimulus.

58
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior.

59
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior.

60
Q

What is punishment in operant conditioning?

A

Introducing or removing a stimulus to decrease behavior.

61
Q

What is a Fixed-Ratio Schedule?

A

Reinforcement after a set number of responses.

62
Q

What is a Variable-Ratio Schedule?

A

Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses.

63
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

A brief storage of sensory information.

64
Q

How long does short-term memory typically last without rehearsal?

A

Approximately 20-30 seconds.

65
Q

What is working memory?

A

Active processing and manipulation of information in short-term memory.

66
Q

What is long-term potentiation?

A

Strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity.

67
Q

What is consolidation in memory?

A

Process by which memories become stable in the brain.

68
Q

What is declarative (explicit) memory?

A

Memory of facts and events; includes semantic and episodic memory.

69
Q

What is procedural (implicit) memory?

A

Memory of skills and tasks performed automatically.

70
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal?

A

Repetition to keep information in short-term memory.

71
Q

What is elaborative rehearsal?

A

Linking new information to existing knowledge to facilitate transfer to long-term memory.

72
Q

What are retrieval cues?

A

Stimuli that help retrieve information from long-term memory.

73
Q

What is context-dependent memory?

A

Improved recall of information when the context present at encoding and retrieval is the same.

74
Q

What is state-dependent memory?

A

Improved recall when an individual’s internal states match during encoding and retrieval.

75
Q

What is priming?

A

Exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus.

Psychology (1 decks)

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