Exam 1 Flashcards
Modules 1-4
who was Dorothea Dix?
she was the head of the U.S Sanitary commission
who was Clara Barton?
Civil War nurse, created the American Red Cross
who was Linda Richards?
America’s first trained nurse
who was Lenah Higbee
superintendent of the US navy corps, awarded the navy cross
who was Florence Nightingale/ what was her theory?
she focused on the environment and how it is affecting the patient (noise level, temp, etc)
what was Hildegard Peplau’s theory?
she provided steps for how to foster a nurse-to-patient relationship. Orientation, working, resolution
what was Virginia Henderson’s theory?
independence for the patient. get the patient back to independence, doing what they normally could
what was Martha Rogers’ theory?
repetition helps develop wellbeing through patterns in an organized way
what was Sister Callista Roy’s theory?
humans are an adaptive open system
what was Dorothea Orem’s theory?
similar to Virginia Henderson- focus on patient independence and taking care of themselves- doing daily living tasks (brush teeth, bathe etc)
what was Imogene King’s theory?
interactions, who the patient want to see, maybe clerical services
what was Betty Neuman’s theory?
overall wellbeing for survival, addressing stressors
what was Rosemarie Rizzo Parse’s theory?
watching the patient how they change over time
what was Jean Watson’s theory?
respect, good nurse qualities to be respectful to the patient
describe Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
you need to address smaller factors before you can address bigger factors and more advanced concerns.
describe Erikson’s psychosocial theory
addresses individual development through social interactions, relevant for understanding patient backgrounds.
Failure to resolve conflicts in one stage can affect subsequent stages, but these challenges can be revisited and resolved later in life
describe Lewin’s change theory
be able to recognize a problem, use problem solving skills to solve it and reinforce the solution to meet the needs of the patient
describe Paul’s critical thinking theory
become more skilled at analyzing, evaluating, and improving their thinking. It encourages deeper, more rational thought processes, which lead to better decision-making and problem-solving. creating a plan of action for how to best treat a patient
describe Rosenstock’s health belief model
explains why people decide to take actions related to their health, like going to the doctor, exercising, or taking medicine. It focuses on individual beliefs about health conditions and their readiness to make changes. also explains why a patient might not comply with the recommended health practices
the student would credit Florence Nightingale for which definition of nursing?
The imbalance between the patient and the environment decreases the capacity for health.
A nurse is caring for a patient who lost a large amount of blood during childbirth. The nurse provides the opportunity for the patient to maintain her activity level while providing adequate periods of rest and encouragement. Which nursing theory would the nurse most likely choose as a framework for addressing the fatigue associated with the low blood count?
Roy’s Adaptation Model
Explanation: Roy’s Adaptation Model is based on the human being as an adaptive open system. The person adapts by meeting physiologic-physical needs, developing a positive self-concept-group identity, performing social role functions, and balancing dependence and independence. Stressors result in illness by disrupting the equilibrium.
The nurse recognizes which nursing theorist who described the relationship between the nurse and the patient as an interpersonal and therapeutic process?
Hildegard Peplau
Explanation: Hildegard Peplau focused on the roles played by the nurse and the interpersonal process between a nurse and a patient. The interpersonal process occurs in overlapping phases: (1) orientation, (2) working, consisting of two subphases: identification and exploitation, and (3) resolution.
which term identifies the most abstract level of knowledge?
Metaparadigm
Explanation: A metaparadigm, as the most abstract level of knowledge, is defined as a global set of concepts that identify and describe the central phenomena of the discipline and explain the relationship between those concepts. For example, the metaparadigm for nursing focuses on the concepts of person, environment, health, and nursing.
Nursing’s metaparadigm, or worldview, distinguishes the nursing profession from other disciplines and emphasizes its unique functional characteristics. The four key concepts that form the foundation for all nursing theories are:
person, environment, health and nursing
The nurse-patient relationship as described by Hildegard Peplau:
Facilitates the identification and accomplishment of therapeutic goals
Explanation: Her model describes how the nurse-patient relationship can facilitate the identification and accomplishment of therapeutic goals to enhance patient and family well-being.
belief definition
mental representation of reality or a person’s perceptions about what is correct, true, or real, or what the person expects to happen in a given situation. Beliefs are going to impact me as a nurse and as a professional.
Zero-order beliefs
most are unconscious, such as object permanence
first-order beliefs
conscious, typically based on direct experiences. Serve as the foundation or a belief system. These begin to form in early childhood from experiences. They are derived from culture, religion, experiences, and education. Ex) most nurses are females.
higher-order beliefs
generalizations or ideas derived from first order beliefs and reasoning.
values definition
what a person considers good, the best and the right things to do. The opposites too what is bad, wrong. Standards that guide us to make a decision.
importance of values in nursing
how values and beliefs shape nursing practice, patient interactions, and ethical decision-making
value conflict
when there is an actual or perceived difference between two or more belief systems
values clarification
a therapeutic process that allows individuals to consider, clarify, and prioritize their personal values.
generalizations
general statements about people or things
stereotype
depiction of a person, group or event thought to be typical of all others in that category. Sometimes people use stereotypes to rationalize biases
prejudice
preformed opinion, usually unfavorable about a group of people based on irrational feelings or inaccurate stereotypes.
value system
helps the person choose between alternatives, resolve value conflicts and make decisions.
to determine a patient’s values and beliefs, nurses must listen and ask question
compassion
force that impels and empowers one to recognize, acknowledge and act to alleviate human suffering.
sympathy
to have pity for another’s situation. Feeling for someone
empathy
ability to understand or share the feelings of another. Feel with someone, go through everything with them
compassion fatigue
physical and emotional exhaustion and an extreme inability to empathize. Nurses are vulnerable to this especially with stressful patient interactions. Self-care is a must! You need to take care of yourself to avoid this.
respect
acknowledging and honoring the dignity, rights, and values of all individuals
integrity
adherence to moral and ethical principles, maintaining honesty and transparency
Accountability
taking responsibility for one’s actions and the outcomes of patient care
excellence
striving for the highest standards in nursing practice and continuing professional development.
holistic health
all aspects of care not just their illness. Body, mind, spirit. Physical, mental, emotional, spiritual.
patient centered care
the needs of the patient come first
cultural competence
recognize and respect cultural differences in patient care
lifelong learning
the belief that continuous education and professional growth, grow in your career
Madeleine Leininge
theory of Cultural Care Diversity and Universality
- Transcultural nursing, emphasizing the importance of understanding and respecting cultural differences in patient care.
- Cultural groups have distinct ways of caring for their health
- Goal: to provide culturally inline care that aligns with patients’ needs and leads to better health outcomes.
Jean Watson
Theory of Human Caring
- Places caring at the heart of nursing and defines it as a moral, ethical, and spiritual practice that promotes healing and health.
- Carative factors that guide caring such as kindness and creating a healing environemt.
- Holistic healing
- Goal: to promote healing by recognizing the holistic needs of patients, not just treating their physical ailments.
Kristen Swanson
Theory of Caring
- Deliver care in a way that helps patients achieve well-being.
- 5 caring processes: knowing, being with, doing for, enabling, maintaining belief
- Goal: to support patients in ways that promote their dignity, autonomy and ability to heal
Anne Boykin and Savina Schoenhofer
Theory of Nursing as Caring
- Nursing as an expression of caring and emphasizes that all huma beings are inherently caring.
- Patients are not just recipients of care but as participants in caring
- Mutual caring relationship: relationship of mutual care between the nurse and the patients, where both are recognized as caring individuals.
-Goal: to recognize and honor the caring essence in every individual, creating a space where healing can occur naturally
A group of nursing students are discussing the impact of nonnursing theories in clinical practice. The students would be correct if they chose which theory to prioritize patient care?
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Paul’s Critical-Thinking Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Rosenstock’s Health Belief Model
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
A nursing student is preparing study notes from a recent lecture in nursing history. The student would credit Florence Nightingale for which definition of nursing?
- The imbalance between the patient and the environment decreases the capacity for health.
- The nurse needs to focus on interpersonal processes between nurse and patient.
- The nurse assists the patient with essential functions toward independence.
- Human beings are interacting in continuous motion as energy fields.
- The imbalance between the patient and the environment decreases the capacity for health.
The nurse identifies which nurse established the American Red Cross during the Civil War?
Dorothea Dix
Linda Richards
Lena Higbee
Clara Barton
Clara Barton
A nurse is caring for a patient who lost a large amount of blood during childbirth. The nurse provides the opportunity for the patient to maintain her activity level while providing adequate periods of rest and encouragement. Which nursing theory would the nurse most likely choose as a framework for addressing the fatigue associated with the low blood count?
Watson’s Theory of Human Caring
Parse’s Theory of Human Becoming
Roy’s Adaptation Model
Rogers’s Science of Unitary Human Beings
Roy’s Adaptation Model
The nurse recognizes which nursing theorist who described the relationship between the nurse and the patient as an interpersonal and therapeutic process?
Virginia Henderson
Betty Neuman
Imogene King
Hildegard Peplau
Hildegard Peplau
The nurse manager is interviewing graduate nurses to fill existing staffing vacancies. When hiring graduate nurses, the nurse manager realizes that they will probably not be considered “competent” until they complete which task?
They graduate and pass NCLEX.
They have worked 2 to 3 years.
Their last year of nursing school.
They are actually hired.
They have worked 2 to 3 years.
A newly licensed registered nurse is curious about the scope of care that he or she has in caring for patients undergoing conscious sedation. Which would be the best source of information for this nurse?
Nurse Practice Act
Explanation: Nurse practice acts provide the scope of practice defined by each state or jurisdiction and set forth the legal limits of nursing practice.
The nurse is conducting a health assessment on a patient from a foreign country. Which concepts should be addressed by the nurse during the interview?
Food preferences
Religious practices
Health beliefs
Family orientation
Politics
Food preferences
Religious practices
Health beliefs
Family orientation
When a nursing class volunteers to serve hot meals at a local homeless shelter on a Saturday afternoon, which term identifies this focus on serving the community?
Altruism
Accountability
Autonomy
Advocate
Alturism
The nurse administers a medication to the patient and then realizes that the medication had been discontinued. The error is immediately reported to the physician. The nurse recognizes which term that identifies complying with the standards of professional performance?
Ethics
Socialization
Altruism
Autonomy
Ethics
What specific aspect of a profession does the development of theories provide?
Altruism
Body of knowledge
Autonomy
Accountability
Body of knowledge
Health care workers are discussing a diverse group of patients respectfully and are being responsive to the health beliefs and practices of these patients. What important aspect of nursing professional practice are they exhibiting?
Autonomy
Accountability
Cultural competence
Autocratic leadership
Cultural competence
A nurse has performed a physical examination of the patient and reviewed the laboratory results and diagnostics on the patient’s chart. The nurse is performing which specific nursing function?
Diagnosis
Assessment
Education
Advocacy
Assessment
An RN on a medical‐surgical unit is making assignments at the beginning of the shift. Which of the following tasks should the nurse delegate to the LPN?
A) Obtain vital signs for a client who is 2 hr postprocedure following a cardiac catheterization.
B) Administer a unit of packed red blood cells (RBCs) to a client who has cancer.
C) Instruct a client who is scheduled for discharge in the performance of wound care.
D) Develop a plan of care for a newly admitted client who has pneumonia.
A) Obtain vital signs for a client who is 2 hr postprocedure following a cardiac
Which characteristic of a profession involves members making independent decisions within their scope of practice and being responsible for the outcomes of those decisions?
A) Body of Knowledge and Research
B) Autonomy
C) Accountability
D) Licensure
B) Autonomy
A nurse manager is observing the actions of a nurse they are supervising. Which of the following actions by the nurse requires the nurse manager to intervene? (Select all that apply.)
A) Reviewing the health care record of a client assigned to another nurse
B) Making a copy of a client’s most current laboratory results for the provider during rounds
C) Providing information about a client’s condition to hospital clergy
D) Discussing a client’s condition over the phone with an individual who has provided the client’s information code
E) Participating in walking rounds that involve the exchange of client‐related information outside clients’ rooms
A) Reviewing the health care record of a client assigned to another nurse
B) Making a copy of a client’s most current laboratory results for the provider during rounds
C) Providing information about a client’s condition to hospital clergy
E) Participating in walking rounds that involve the exchange of client‐related information outside clients’ rooms
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies altruism in the nursing profession?
A) A nurse prioritizes personal gain over patient care
B) A nurse dedicates her life to selflessness and serving her patients and community.
C) A nurse documents patient information quickly to save time.
D) A nurse refuses to provide care to certain patients based on personal beliefs.
B) A nurse dedicates her life to selflessness and serving her patients and community.
A nurse working in a busy hospital encounters a situation where the physician prescribes a medication that the nurse believes could have serious adverse effects on the patient. The nurse has discussed their concerns with the physician, but the physician insists on the medication’s administration. What is the nurse’s most appropriate course of action based on ethical principles?
A) Administer the medication as prescribed to avoid conflict with the physician.
B) Consult with the patient and administer the medication if the family consents.
C) Refuse to administer the medication and notify the nursing supervisor.
D) Administer a lower dose of the medication without the physician’s knowledge.
C) Refuse to administer the medication and notify the nursing supervisor.
A nurse is faced with a moral dilemma when asked to administer a medication to a patient against the patient’s wishes, even though the medication is prescribed by the healthcare provider. What should the nurse do based on ethical principles?
A) Administer the medication as prescribed, as it’s the nurse’s duty to follow orders.
B) Administer a placebo instead of the prescribed medication to avoid conflict.
C) Seek advice from colleagues about what to do without informing the patient.
D) Respect the patient’s autonomy and decision, and discuss the concerns with the healthcare provider.
D) Respect the patient’s autonomy and decision, and discuss the concerns with the healthcare provider.
A nurse on a medical-surgical floor is responsible for caring for a group of post-operative patients. The nurse has assessed the patients and identifies the need for wound dressing changes for several patients. Which of the following actions by the RN is appropriate in delegating this task to an LPN?
A) Delegate the wound dressing changes to the LPN, as it falls within their scope of practice.
B) Inform the LPN about the need for wound dressing changes but perform the task independently to ensure accuracy.
C) Delegate the task to a certified nursing assistant (CNA) to free up the LPN for medication administration.
D) Collaborate with the LPN on the dressing changes but ultimately complete them personally.
A) Delegate the wound dressing changes to the LPN, as it falls within their scope of practice.
A nurse has completed the required nursing education program and passed the NCLEX-RN examination. Which of the following statements accurately describes the nurse’s current licensure status?
A) The nurse is now eligible to practice as an RN without any further requirements.
B) The nurse’s licensure is temporary and must be renewed every year.
C) The nurse’s licensure allows them to practice in one specific state only.
D) The nurse’s licensure is indefinite and does not require any renewal or continuing education.
C) The nurse’s licensure allows them to practice in one specific state only.
When caring for a patient, an LPN recognizes a significant change in the patient’s vital signs. What is the LPN’s appropriate action?
A) Implement independent nursing interventions to address the changes.
B) Continue monitoring the patient’s vital signs without taking further action.
C) Document the changes in the patient’s chart for later review.
D) Notify the registered nurse or appropriate licensed healthcare provider.
D) Notify the registered nurse or appropriate licensed healthcare provider.
A nurse is caring for a diverse group of patients in a healthcare facility. Which action by the nurse best demonstrates an understanding of the importance of diversity in nursing practice?
A) The nurse primarily communicates with patients who share a similar cultural background to ensure better understanding.
B) The nurse provides the same standard of care to all patients, regardless of their cultural or ethnic backgrounds.
C) The nurse seeks opportunities for cultural competence training and education to provide individualized care.
D) The nurse avoids discussing cultural differences with patients to prevent potential discomfort.
C) The nurse seeks opportunities for cultural competence training and education to provide individualized care.
what are the 5 patterns of nursing
emancipatory, ethical, personal, aesthetic, empiric
describe emancipatory knowing
issues of social justice
describe ethical knowing
nature of right and wrong
describe personal knowing
awareness of self and others
describe aesthetic knowing
unique meaning and intent in nursing situations
describe empiric knowing
how things work and the nature of what we can know through sensory experiences
what are the 5 steps in the nursing process
assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluating
what is the referent
initiating event or thought that leads one person to interact with another
what is the sender
they encode messages by translating their thoughts of feelings into communication
what is the message
the contact transmitted during communication, lots of factors that impact a message (tone, time, emotion, education)
what is the channel
any of the 5 senses can be used as channels
ex) call for help= auditory communication
what is the receiver
person who receives the information, they need to decode the conversation and sort out what is important
what is the feedback
asking questions to better understand what is being asked, make sure I have the correct info before I relay it on
ways to communicate nonverbally
body language, eyes and facial expressions, touch, voice inflection
ways to communicate verbally
written communication, electronic communication,
what is intrapersonal communication
self-talk, focuses on the needs of one’s well-being
what is interpersonal communication
between 2 or more people, can be informal or formal
what is interprofessional communication
effective collaborative communication among members of a healthcare team
SBAR
situation, background, assessment, recommendations
SOLER
sit, open, lean, eye contact, relax
