Exam 1 Flashcards
Kerygma
the preaching that Jesus christ is the messiah and he was crucified for our sins and God sent him to redeem us from sin
-passion, death, resurrection and ascension
who go arrested for follwing Kerygma
Peter and John
Antioch
where Christians were first called Christians
1st ecumenical council
Peter and Paul disagree if the Jewish practice of circumcision should be done to Christians
- Paul= no circumcision
-peter=yes circumcision
Paul wins
what were requirement after the first council
strangled animals cannot be eaten
no praising paigan gods
unlaw marriages
Early church
- deacons were instituted by the apostles to solve problems (like the Jewish widows being preferred over the greek widows)
Laying hands on someone
the transfer of power/authority
Diaconate
ministry beneath the apostles powers (helpers)
Bishop
elders/leaders
philosophy
common in Greek and amendable to Christians
- Plato, and Aristotle wanted the truth, the good, and the virtues
theology and philosophy
should not contradict since its the TRUTH
- human reason(truth)
-revelation
-faith
theo=god; Phil=happiness or truth
Vadacons definition of faith
gift infused by God in the soul in the intellect but involves the will to believe :
1. that god exists
2. that what he says is true
3. i move towards him(love)
faith
supernatural virtue, infused by god (at baptism) by which believe in god:
1. that god exists
2. that what he says is true
3. i move towards him(love)
- not on the authority of men but of the authority of god who can neither deceive nor be deceived
Fideism
an individual with ONLY faith but no reason
- over emphasizes faith
Rationslism
an indivudal with ONLY reason and no faith
- over emphasizes reason
philosophy
=thinking
First principle of the intellect
- principle of noncontradiction
- a thing cannot be and not be at the same time in the same way - Principle of identity
- Ens=Ens; the thing is the thing; A=A - a whole is always more than one of its parts
- if A=B, B=C, then A=C (syllogism)
- the middle term to be correct - action follows being (nature)
- a thing acts according to what its nature is - Finality-“end”
-all nature has a “proper” end
the church is ?
universal; as soon as it is made; they are followers of christ
-the church is all baptized believers
-the apostles appoint people to take their place
-if hands laid on by apostle they are either bishops, priest, or decons
Saint Clements of Rome
(97A.D)(dies @90)
First apostle father of the church; the 4th bishop (pope)of Rome
letter to the carinthians(guves humility, obedience, charity, holiness)
First bishop or pope of rome
Peter
five patrarchs
Jerusalem
Antioch
Alexandria
Rome
Constantinople
Schism
young revolting against leaders
Apostolic succession
god - Jesus- apostils- us (bishops, deacons, popes)
scripture during 90A.D is?
the old testament
and passed orally or on parchments
St. Clements wrote about
“recall the words of our lord Jesus”
letters from St. Paul
reminding them of the gospel
Eucharists
body and blood of Christ
“blood of the lord causes redemption/salvation”
Trinity
father, son, and holy spirit (one god)
“as god lives, and the lord Jesus Christ, and the holy spirit”
Popalagous
mediations between the pope and another group
- Claudius, ephebus, valenus, Bito, Fortunatas
Didache
(60-100A.D)
the teaching of the twelve (apostles)
list of do nots
St. Ignatius of Antioch
(d.109 A.D)
10 roman soldiers on his side as he marched across turicus to Rome to be Martyred
Teachings of St. Ignatius
what does it mean to be a disciple?
-him being a chain, disciple of Christ, they expect persecution and suffering
- he doesn’t see this as bad because he will be reunited with Christ
Pg. 115 of letter of Ignatius: Smyrnaeans
“catholic” is used for the first time
Docetism
denial of Christ’s humanity
that he is truly god and truly human
- salvation depends on Jesus being man and God because his humanity connects to God and we can be reunited with him
Things within Ignatius letters
-references the father-son holy spirit
-doesn’t know if he deserves to be martyred
-Jesus Christ is the original
- what is love? to be a disciple of Christ
-then he writes to Polycarp
how is St. Ignatius the perfect example of a martyr
he has virtue, he is unafraid, riotous fear(in himself), humility, goes through with it, never turns around, unshakable faith, true teaching, sound doctrine, fortitude, a desire for martyr(based on Gods will)
what causes sin
the soul causes sin not the body
St. Polycarp
155 A.D; 86 years old when he dies
smyrna
tradition says he grew up with St. John
he goes to Rome to speak with the pope about easter (still different dates today)
how is the gospel spread in times of St. Polycarp
in between oral and written
Martyrdom of Polycarp
(similar to Jesus)
he gets arrested like a robber
he asks to pray and takes two hours
he feeds the policemen dinner and hs his servatns serve them
some policemen repented to arresting an old man but they still take him
a voice from heaven “be strong polycarp, play the man”
he was told to worship easter and was promised released if he did so
-“eight six years i hae served him”
rode into the city on an ass like Jesus
they wanted to burn him at the stake
the fire goes around him but does not touch his body and they smelled baking bread
they get a spear and pierce his heart
blood comes out and quenches the fire then a dove flies out =holy spirit
The Romans took his body and would not give him to the Christians because they were worried they would start praising him like Jesus but they did not know there is only one Christ
Romans take his body and burn it
the Christians take his bones and wrap them in something expensive and celebrate his death day as his birthday (the day he rose to heaven) “feast day”
his relics or honored because the represent/imitate Jesus Christ
St. Justin Martyr
from Symaria born into a Jewish family; he is well educated; Platonist philosopher and taught philosophy in Rome
what made St. Justin convert to christianity
he saw the bravery of the Christians in the face of death and how strong their faith was
led him to believe that Christ is the answer to all his philosophical questions
what did St. Justin say about christianity
Christianity= true philosophy=logos
St. Justin’s Apologia
defense for Christianity to the emperor
-he heard what happened to Polycarp
his argument:
- Christians are the best citizens bc Christ teaches us not to lie, steal, cheat, and no sexual promiscuity
while their religion came from Satan the father of lies
-accusation of atheism: dont worship pagan gods or the emperor
Justin’s theology of the trinity
- the trinity: most true God (father son and holy spirit) worship and adore
what does Justin make a mistake about
the trinity: he ranks them which would be subordinationism and making us worship 3 gods not 1. the trinity is equally God
Justin’s theology of the logos
-logos: the word-ultimate wisdom(embedded in the universe) for stoic philosophers. he finds the logos in Christ.
Justin’s Theology on the holy spirit
-holy spirit: we are given prophecies, given by Jesus
Justin’s theology on Mary
-Mary: Isaiah prophesied the virgin giving birth. Virgin= divinity of Christ; Virgin birth=humanity of Christ.
-Jesus is the word of God
-He speaks of Mary as the new Eve
HE WAS THE FIRST TO WRITE IT
Justin’s theology on the resurrection
nothing is impossible to God;
he believes we will rise again and that the body dies but not the soul
Justin’s theology on faith and resaon
they are equal; theology(Christianity) is the ultimate philosophy
Christ is the ultimate truth
Justin’s theology on Morals
overemphasized; not really Christian if not living a good moral life
he was held in high esteem until Aquinas
one that seeks the truth; pray
Justin’s theology on tradition
uses “teaching”
passed on and described it in many ways
Justin’s theology on Eucharist
not a superstition what is done on Sundays
then pray- the great amen
only ONE who believes lives a good life, and has been baptized can receive
- God said this is my body; this is my blood
the gospel during Justin’s time
the writings of the apostles
- he makes the first gospel reference to the apostles teaching
-we don’t change what the apostles said
‘if it seems reasonable treat it with respect”
Justin’s martyred in 165 A.D
he was beheaded
he continued to defend the faith
he won a debate against two other men so they wanted him beheaded. him and 6 of students were beheaded
Irenaeus
-born 125 and died around 200 A.D
-writings during his times could mean Old or New Testament
-he was from Smyrna so he may have remembered Polycarp being the bishop
-went to Rome then Lyons(Gaul)
-177 presybter
first extended theology essay in the history of the church (track against hercies) and writing in defense of his flock(histories)
Gnositicism
-a heresy; idea of “special -knowledge” that save the elight
-different from what the apostle say
-FALSE
knowledge is from God and not from people
-people are saved by Jesus- adherence to love of Jesus
Scripture for Irenaeus
Old Testament and New Testament =gospels
The Old Testament is a Christian book about Jesus
Christians used the Old Testament to understand its Allegory (what to come)
two proponents of Gnocitism:
- Diad
- Second Diad
- these produces different ideas of what it is by man not God
-Irenaeus kinda makes fun of it and says its ridiculous
-he makes an early statement of the creed
Irenaeus on apostolic tradition and authority
- becomes the creed
-authority comes from God(the Gospels and the teachings(the writing’s and old T)) - the apostles teachings and writing are the highest authority since their knowledge came straight from our lord Jesus Christ
The rule of faith
if it’s not in the TRADITIONS, LITURGY or WRITINGS then it contradicts the faith
-gnotics are contradicting this
Lex credenai lex orandi
what is believed is what is prayed
primary of rome
rome has authority over all the churches
always established
universal(same faith, heirarchy,primary to rome, all the same)
Ireneaus on theology
-Trinity: all over the place; the beginning of the creed
- Mary: new eve
-Jesus: the new Adam(St. Paul)
-divination: become a part of Gods divinity not that we become God
-Anthopology: we are all created in Gods image (adam+Eve)
-recapitulation: restored, made new in Christ
Arianism
the heresy that would not go away
- the heresy of the Trinity
the father “begot” the son therefore the son is begotten; the son is a creature created by God
- the son is not equal to God
-the son did not exist for all eternity and so he is not eternal
the holy spirit was also created
- Because the divine nature is incommunicable the nature of the father son and the holy spirit are SIMILAR but not the same
Homo i ousia
similar nature but not the same nature
(denial of divinity)
Homo Ousia
same nature
Arius
born in Libya around 256 lived in Alexandria as a priest
thought bishop was wrong about the trinity
Subordinationism/adoptionism
when Arius gets corrected he fights against it (unlike St. Justin)
- proposition; Christ’s words imply this “the father is greater than I”
-holy spirit<the son<the father
- if they are not the same they do not have the same essence and cannot connect us to the father
-he says Jesus is adpoted by Gods
Athanasius
the teaching
-father, son, and holy spirit are eternal and equal, of the same nature, and are ONE God
-seen in the old test. “I AM”,” sins are forgiven”, “the father and I are one”
Council of Naicia
in Constantine
-calls the bishops and poeped maybe even theologians and Athanaisus
-Pope needs to approve for it to be valid for the universal church
-Constantine wants to get baptized(the emperor) so he calls the meeting so he can first know the answer and solve the problem
- they corrected the creed to be clear that the trinity is one
what year do Christians stop being killed
313
Canons in the council
other practical conditions that get corrected: on baptisms, the clergy, and Arius, etc.
St. Athanasius
- young deacon during the council of Nicea
- became Bishop of Alexandria
-Died in 383 and spent his life defending Homo Ousia
what happened when Constantine died
it created a disturbance between church and state
St. Athanasius’s theology
-salvation comes from God
-participate in God through Christ’s humanity
-Deified: learned the word of God
- Jesus gives us “father, son and holy spirit
- He uses litergy and scripture for support
-Jesus is truly God and Man
Minor council of Alexandria
3 hypostasis(person) and one ousia
NOT 3 ousia
St. Athanasius’s theology on the holy spirit
the holy spirit sanctifies us(divine operation), its consubstantial (homo ousia) w/father and son, it belongs to the son as the son belongs to the father, it must be divine because it makes us partakers of the divine, and all three have the same activity(energia)- they never act without eachother
Tale of two cities
Alexandria: starts with the divine of Christ; the logos-word made fresh; defends Christ’s divinity against Ariaus; the union of the trinity is not explained; hypostatic union
Antioch: (Nestorius)emphasizes the humanity of Christ; Christ is the word man he has a complete human nature; stresses distinctive nature
Apolinarius
- starts with the divinity of Jesus
- was trying to combat the heresy of Dosatism
-he denied that Christ could have a human soul
-not 2 natures but 1 nature (monophysitism)
-he wanted to preserve the divinty of christ - thought it was unffiting for christ to have a soul since he thought christ could not sin
Gregory of Nazianus
“what was not assumed was not saved”
- jesus is son of God and son of mary; they are one
381 the council of Constantiople
2nd major council
sent the Pope a letter
1st confirmed the faith-used biblical language to deserve the holy spirit
then correct abuses
Theotokos
Mary gave birth to God
cyril response: mary is the mother of christ; christ is god;mary is the mother of god
Hypostatic union
union of the two natures in christ= 1 person
-hes god and man
Ephesus
Third council; 431
-communication idiomatum UPHELD
-instigation of Nestorius
-Pope Celestine joins
-results: Nestorius was condemned and Theotokos was confirmed
- a few anti-pelagian statements were mad- grace is necessary
Nicene- Constinctionopolation creed was affirmed
Did Nestorius give in
no he did not he continued his teachings
after Ephesus
Antioch leaders sent Paul of Emesa to Alexandria to teach them correctly
-Cyril accepts Orthodox of Paul
-433 formula to union
who becomes pope after Ephesus
440-461
Leo becomes Pope
Leo wants Eutycles to retract and sign a paper confirming that but they do not
Emperor Theodosis II called a council
Robber Council
called by emperor theodosius II
condemmend Flavian (the bishop)
Pope Leo’s Tomb
This is Pope Leo’s Letter to Flavian, a masterpiece of Western
Theology. It shows the clarity of the Latin mind and the
Western approach to the Christian mysteries.
1. Leo affirms the unity of the 2 natures in Christ and the
communication idiomatum.
2. Leo affirms that the Person of the God-man is identical with
that of the Divine Word. (Tome, 3)
3. The divine and human natures coexist in the one person of
Christ without mixture or confusion. (Tome, 5)
4. The natures are separate principles of operation, although
they always act in concert with each other.
5. The singularity of the Person makes legitimate the
communication idiomatum.
451 the council of Chalcedon
Settled the question that Jesus had a Divine
intellect and will, and also a human intellect
and will, but said nothing about how the two
interact.
The 2 Natures did not make Him 2 persons,
but only one Divine Person.
