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DENT 3000 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

case 1-3

1
Q

Clinical crown

A

tooth above the gumline, exposed to the oral cavity

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2
Q

anatomical crown

A

from CEJ (cementoenamel junction) to cusps

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3
Q

periodontal ligaments

A

fibers that connect the tooth to the alveolar bone

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4
Q

enamel

A

outer calcified tissue

covers the anatomical crown

no living cells, cannot repair damage from decay/wear but can strenghthen with fluoride

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5
Q

gingiva

A

soft tissues that protect the roots of teeth

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5
Q

pulp chamber

A

soft tissue at the center of tooth

contains nerves, blood vessels and connective tissue

lined by odontoblasts

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6
Q

dentin

A

beneath enamel and cementum

most of tooth

contains dentinal tubules that allows heat/cold to stimulate the nerves > sensitivity if enamel is worn

causes tooth color

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7
Q

alveolar bone

A

bone that surrounds roots of the teeth

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8
Q

root canal

A

chamber of tooth root that contains the pulp

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9
Q

cementum

A

hard connective tissue that covers the tooth root

if exposed through gingival recession causes sensitive to temp

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10
Q

ameloblasts

A

form the enamel

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11
Q

odontoblasts

A

form the dentin

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12
Q

pulp canal

A

in tooth roots

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13
Q

pulp chamber

A

in tooth crown

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14
Q

periodontium

A

made of gingiva, cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone

cements the tooth in place

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15
Q

periodontal ligament

A

collagenous connective tissue fibers

holds tooth to its socket

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16
Q

factors that influence the oral cavity

A
  • diet (incl. vitamins)
  • stage of development

-medical conditions

-socioeconomic status

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17
Q

carbohydrates affect oral cavity

A

monosaccharides = quick metabolism > rapid decrease in pH and more acid in plaque

they are more cariogenic than complex sugars.

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18
Q

proteins affect oral cavity

A

lack of protein affects structural integrity of dentition, can decay the structure supporting teeth and delays healing.

if within 0-12 months of life: can affect tooth eruption, tooth loss and increased caries risk

excess protein: decreased Ca2+ retention and bone health

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19
Q

fats affect on oral cavity

A

omega 3 fats decrease inflammation (aka periodontal disease)

can prevent caries as they prevent carbs from adhering to teeth

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20
Q

leading cause of dental caries

A

diet deficiencies and high sugar intake

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21
Q

demineralization

A

pH LESS than 5.5

sugary diets

loss of calcium, phosphate and carbonate

plaque is cariogenic and forms white spot (reversible) if untreated can cause cavitated lesion

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22
Q

remineralization

A

pH greater than 5.5

healthy plaque, balanced diet, fluoride

gain of minerals, reforms hydroxyapatite crystals

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23
Q

macrominerals

A

needed in larger amounts (100+ mg)

Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cl

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24
Q

microminerals/ trace elements

A

small amounts needed (few mg)

Fe, Zn, I, F, Cr, Co, Mn, Mo, Se,

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25
Q

Calcium

A

most abundant mineral

99% in skeleton (bones/teeth)

involved in bone remodeling and various functions

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26
Q

calcium deficiency

A

most common in women an lead to osteoporosis

needed for teeth mineralization

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27
Q

phosphorus

A

85% in bones + teeth

function: bone development, buffer, metabolism, cell structure

all P thats ingested is absorbed

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28
Q

phosphorus deficiency

A

causes enamel + dentin hypoplasia

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29
Q

hypoplasia

A

underdevelopment

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30
Q

Fluoride

A

deposited in bones and teeth from water/soil

gives us demineralization resistance

prevents plaque formation

improved tooth morphology

quick absorption in stomach

water = best source of F

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31
Q

fluoride deficiency/excess

A

deficiency: increased caries risk

excess: fluorosis = patches in enamel

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32
Q

flouride in tooth decay

A

forms calcium fluorapatite which is more stable that calcium hydroxyapatite

decreases tooth decay

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33
Q

caries

A

caused by tooth demineralization, break down of enamel

can remineralize

if reaches pulp = pulpitis

most common disease in children

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34
Q

types of caries

A

smooth surface

pit and fissure (occlusal)

root cavity

35
Q

radiolucent

A

dark, soft tissue

ex: caries

36
Q

radioopaque

A

light, hard tissue

Ex: restoration

37
Q

radiographs

A

can’t tell active from arrested caries

need examination too

caries is deeper than it appears, 30% decay needed to see on xray

38
Q

bitewing/ interproximal

A

shows contact points between distal surface and alveolar bone level

detect caries + periodontal bone loss

best for detection caries on posterior teeth

39
Q

PA

A

shows crowns, contact points, roots, + surrounding bone

can see infection at apicies, alveolar lesions or caries in anterior teeth

40
Q

gingival structure: alveolar mucosa

A

tissue beyond the mucogingival junction

less attached and more red

non-keratinized, softer and flexible for cheek and lip movement

41
Q

gingival structure: attached gingiva

A

adjacent to free gingiva

keratinized, attached to bone

42
Q

gingival structure: free gingiva

A

not attached

forms collar around the tooth

sulcar epithelium attaches it to the tooth

43
Q

sulcus

A

trough around the tooth

1-3 mm

44
Q

gingival margin

A

boarder of gingiva that touches the tooth

45
Q

interdental papillae

A

fill space between adjacent teeth

the pointy edge that fills interdental space

46
Q

muco-gingival junction

A

line that divides attached gingiva and alveolar mucosa

47
Q

hydroxyapatite crystals

A

made of calcium and phosphate ions

primary mineral found in tooth enamel

start forming before teeth erupt

48
Q

enamel strength

A

more minerals = stronger enamel to protect against acid

49
Q

bacterial acid

A

streptococcus mutans metabolize sugars and produce acids > low pH in mouth and demineralizs the tooth

50
Q

early caries lesion

A

white spot (reversable)

51
Q

sealants

A

applied to molars in children to prevent pit and fissure cavities

52
Q

assessments

A

dentists assess the patients as a whole to understand how their medical history affects their oral health.

53
Q

assessment techniques

A
  1. inspection: use vision/smell/hearing to look for abnormalities
  2. Palpation: using hands to feel for abnormalities
  3. percussion: tapping fingers/instruments
  4. auscultation: listening with a stethoscope
54
Q

bimanual palpation

A

use both hands to feel structure

ex: a gland

55
Q

bilateral palpation

A

palpating both sides of the body at the same time

ex: lymph nodes

56
Q

digital palpation

A

use 1 finger to asses tissues

ex: intraoral structures

57
Q

TMJ exam

A

uses inspection, palpation and ausculation

58
Q

thyroid exam

A

palpation, ask pt to swallow and stick tongue out

need thyroid collar for x rays

should not be visible

59
Q

goiter

A

abnormal enlargement

symptoms: coughing, hard to breathe, hoarseness, hard to swallow

60
Q

follicular epithelial cells

A

secrete tyrosine derived hormones and thyroglobulin

61
Q

c cells

A

secrete calcitonin

62
Q

colloid

A

storage depot of thyroid hormones

63
Q

T3 vs T4

A

T3 = active form

64
Q

hypothyroidism

A

deficiency of TH

can be born with underdeveloped thyroid

65
Q

primary hypothyroidism

A

problem with thyroid

most common= autoimmune destruction (hashimotos)

antibodies destroy the gland or block TH synthesis

66
Q

secondary hypothyroidism

A

problem with pituitary

67
Q

tertiary hypothyroidism

A

problem with hypothalamus

68
Q

when is removal of thyroid necessary

A

pt has hyperthyroidism, goiter, thyroid nodules, thyroid cancer

69
Q

causes of hypothyroidism

A
  1. radiation treatment: pt had hyperthyroidism and radioactive iodine killed cells
  2. medications that interfere with TH production
  3. Iodine deficiency (rare)
70
Q

diagnosis of hypothyroidism

A

low lvls of T3 + T4

defect in thyroid = high TSH bc neg fb

defect in Hypo, pit = low TSH bc not produced

71
Q

TRH vs TSH

A

regulating: secreted from hypothalamus

stimulating: from thyrotrophs in ant. pituitary

72
Q

role of TSH

A

increases synthesis and secretion of TH

trophic effect on thyroid gland when TSH is high for too long and causes hypertrophy and hyperplasia

73
Q

hypertrophy

A

enlargement of organ

74
Q

hyperplasia

A

lots of cell growth

75
Q

TH synthesis

A

tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin are iodated

stored in thyroid follicles

76
Q

T3/T4 circulation

A

bound to plasma proteins or free

77
Q

thyroid disease symptoms

A

delayed wound healing, prone to infections, eexcess mucopolyscaccharides (cant constrict blood vessels), hemostasis

78
Q

treatment of hypothyroidism

A

levoxyl (synthetic T4)

can cause dry mouth > inc caries risk, bad breath, periodontal disease

79
Q

signs of infection

A

swelling, bad breath, bitter taste, pain, fever, sensitivity, swollen glands or jaw

radiolucency

exudate or pus from gingival sulcus

80
Q

fistula

A

gum absess

81
Q

dry mouth (xerostomia relief)

A

xylitol, limit caffeine, no alcohol mw, no tobacco, drink h2o

82
Q

synonymn for thyroiditis

A

hashimotos

83
Q

iodine deficiency

A

causes congenital hypothyroidism

can cause intellectual disability

84
Q

3’/5’ monodeiodinase

A

converts t4 to t3

85
Q

physiological effects of hypothyroidism

A

inc Na/K atpase activity, inc o2 consumed, bmr and heat production

promotes bone formation and growth

th= essential for maturation of CNS

TSH induces the synthesis of b1 receptors and inc HR and contractility

DENT 3000 (1 decks)

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