Exam 1 Flashcards
Where are the 4 primary places to find evidence?
- Scientific journals
- Magazines
- Government and professional websites
- Grey literature
List some recommended databases for research
- PubMed
- PEDro
- Cochrane library
- Embase
- Cinahl
- Sportdiscus
What does PudMed advanced search contain?
- Combined search terms
- Alternative terms
- Provides search history
- Shows hits with each term
What can PubMed - clinical queries do?
Filter: Therapy, clinical prediction guide, diagnosis, etiology, prognosis
Scope:
Broad search
- Sensitivity - ability to identify all relevant
studies
Narrow search
- Specificity - ability to exclude irrelevant
studies
What does PICO stand for? List examples for each
P - Population, problem, person (Diabetes, frozen shoulder, adhesive capsulitis, age 65, female)
I - Intervention (physical therapy)
C - Comparison (corticosteroid injection)
O - Outcome (reduced shoulder disability)
What is a cross sectional study? longitudinal study?
Cross Sectional: A type of research design that observes a population at a single point in time
Longitudinal: A research design that looks at a phenomenon occurring over time
What are the two types of a longitudinal research study?
Prospective - Follows subjects over “x” amount of time (present)
Retrospective - Uses historical data as part of the study (past)
What are the different types of questions in research design?
- Intervention
- Diagnosis
- Prognosis
- Measurement
Describe “Intervention” research questions
- Experimental or quasi-experimental
- Longitudinal, prospective
- Efficacy/Effectiveness
- Randomized Control Trial (RCT)
Describe “Diagnosis” research questions
- Non-experimental
- Cross sectional
Describe “Prognosis” research questions
- Non-experimental
- Longitudinal
- Evaluation of relationship between factors and outcomes
- Cohort or case control design
Describe “Measurement” research questions
- Comparison between index test/measure and reference “gold” standard
- Reliability & validity of instrument
- Verification of examiner’s competence
Rank the “Level of Evidence” hierarchy
- Systematic Review
- Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT)
- Cohort Study
- Case Control Study
- Case Report / Case Series
- Expert Opinion
T or F? Animal studies have played a large role in healthcare research
True
What is a “Case Report” study?
- Analyzes/Assesses an individual patient
What is a “Case Series” study?
- Several case studies put together to illustrate a single point
- Typically more than 1 case, but less than 20 cases
- 1 group
What is a “Case Control” study?
A study that separates individuals with clinical conditions from those who do not, then compare data
matched based on age, sex, activity level, etc.
What is a “Cohort Study”? (Differentiate between retrospective and prospective)
Follows a group of participants who meet certain criteria, then observe the outcomes over time
Prospective: participants are followed from the present moment, to the future
Retrospective: participants are identified from historical (past) records
What is a “Randomized Controlled Trial” study?
A group of similar people who are randomly assigned to different groups for the sake of a study
What is a “Systematic Review” study?
A review that analyzes several different studies
(And meta analysis’)
What is an independent variable?
The “intervention” or thing being changed
What is a dependent variable?
The “outcome”
Define “evidence based practice”
The use of best research evidence in conjunction with clinical expertise, patient values, and clinical circumstances to make decisions
What are the 5 steps of the EBP process?
Step 1: ASK a clinical question
Step 2: ACQUIRE relevant literature
Step 3: APPRAISE the literature
Step 4: APPLY the evidence
Step 5: ASSESS effectiveness of evidence
What are the 5 “A’s”
Ask, Acquire, Appraise, Apply, Assess
What occurs during Step 1 of the EBP process?
Step 1: ASK
- Ask background questions like “who, what, where, when, why, how”
- Utilize the PICO format to gather foreground info on the patient
What occurs during Step 2 of the EBP process?
Step 2: ACQUIRE
- Gather necessary literature (systematic review, meta analyses, scoping review)
What occurs during Step 3 of the EBP process?
Step 3: APPRAISE
- Analyze the research by asking yourself questions such as… is the study valid? are the results relevant to my patient?
What occurs during Step 4 of the EBP process?
Step 4: APPLY
- Apply the gathered information to your patient’s case
What occurs during Step 5 of the EBP process?
Step 5: ASSESS
- Assess the patient’s results
- Ask questions like… did the patient improve? do additional questions need to be answered?
Why is EBP important?
- It can decrease utilization of treatments that are in common usage but are not supported by evidence
- EBP may also increase utilization treatments that are supported in research and not commonly used
How does implementing “and” or “or” into a research search alter the search results?
Using “and” will narrow the search while “or” will broaden the search
T or F? Prospective study is the most effective method for examining prognosis/etiology
True
