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EBP > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the 4 primary places to find evidence?

A
  • Scientific journals
  • Magazines
  • Government and professional websites
  • Grey literature
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2
Q

List some recommended databases for research

A
  • PubMed
  • PEDro
  • Cochrane library
  • Embase
  • Cinahl
  • Sportdiscus
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3
Q

What does PudMed advanced search contain?

A
  • Combined search terms
  • Alternative terms
  • Provides search history
  • Shows hits with each term
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4
Q

What can PubMed - clinical queries do?

A

Filter: Therapy, clinical prediction guide, diagnosis, etiology, prognosis

Scope:
Broad search
- Sensitivity - ability to identify all relevant
studies
Narrow search
- Specificity - ability to exclude irrelevant
studies

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5
Q

What does PICO stand for? List examples for each

A

P - Population, problem, person (Diabetes, frozen shoulder, adhesive capsulitis, age 65, female)

I - Intervention (physical therapy)

C - Comparison (corticosteroid injection)

O - Outcome (reduced shoulder disability)

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6
Q

What is a cross sectional study? longitudinal study?

A

Cross Sectional: A type of research design that observes a population at a single point in time

Longitudinal: A research design that looks at a phenomenon occurring over time

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7
Q

What are the two types of a longitudinal research study?

A

Prospective - Follows subjects over “x” amount of time (present)

Retrospective - Uses historical data as part of the study (past)

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8
Q

What are the different types of questions in research design?

A
  • Intervention
  • Diagnosis
  • Prognosis
  • Measurement
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9
Q

Describe “Intervention” research questions

A
  • Experimental or quasi-experimental
  • Longitudinal, prospective
  • Efficacy/Effectiveness
  • Randomized Control Trial (RCT)
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10
Q

Describe “Diagnosis” research questions

A
  • Non-experimental
  • Cross sectional
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11
Q

Describe “Prognosis” research questions

A
  • Non-experimental
  • Longitudinal
  • Evaluation of relationship between factors and outcomes
  • Cohort or case control design
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12
Q

Describe “Measurement” research questions

A
  • Comparison between index test/measure and reference “gold” standard
  • Reliability & validity of instrument
  • Verification of examiner’s competence
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13
Q

Rank the “Level of Evidence” hierarchy

A
  1. Systematic Review
  2. Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT)
  3. Cohort Study
  4. Case Control Study
  5. Case Report / Case Series
  6. Expert Opinion
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14
Q

T or F? Animal studies have played a large role in healthcare research

A

True

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15
Q

What is a “Case Report” study?

A
  • Analyzes/Assesses an individual patient
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16
Q

What is a “Case Series” study?

A
  • Several case studies put together to illustrate a single point
  • Typically more than 1 case, but less than 20 cases
  • 1 group
17
Q

What is a “Case Control” study?

A

A study that separates individuals with clinical conditions from those who do not, then compare data

matched based on age, sex, activity level, etc.

18
Q

What is a “Cohort Study”? (Differentiate between retrospective and prospective)

A

Follows a group of participants who meet certain criteria, then observe the outcomes over time

Prospective: participants are followed from the present moment, to the future

Retrospective: participants are identified from historical (past) records

19
Q

What is a “Randomized Controlled Trial” study?

A

A group of similar people who are randomly assigned to different groups for the sake of a study

20
Q

What is a “Systematic Review” study?

A

A review that analyzes several different studies

(And meta analysis’)

21
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

The “intervention” or thing being changed

22
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The “outcome”

23
Q

Define “evidence based practice”

A

The use of best research evidence in conjunction with clinical expertise, patient values, and clinical circumstances to make decisions

24
Q

What are the 5 steps of the EBP process?

A

Step 1: ASK a clinical question
Step 2: ACQUIRE relevant literature
Step 3: APPRAISE the literature
Step 4: APPLY the evidence
Step 5: ASSESS effectiveness of evidence

25
Q

What are the 5 “A’s”

A

Ask, Acquire, Appraise, Apply, Assess

26
Q

What occurs during Step 1 of the EBP process?

A

Step 1: ASK

  • Ask background questions like “who, what, where, when, why, how”
  • Utilize the PICO format to gather foreground info on the patient
27
Q

What occurs during Step 2 of the EBP process?

A

Step 2: ACQUIRE

  • Gather necessary literature (systematic review, meta analyses, scoping review)
28
Q

What occurs during Step 3 of the EBP process?

A

Step 3: APPRAISE

  • Analyze the research by asking yourself questions such as… is the study valid? are the results relevant to my patient?
29
Q

What occurs during Step 4 of the EBP process?

A

Step 4: APPLY

  • Apply the gathered information to your patient’s case
30
Q

What occurs during Step 5 of the EBP process?

A

Step 5: ASSESS

  • Assess the patient’s results
  • Ask questions like… did the patient improve? do additional questions need to be answered?
31
Q

Why is EBP important?

A
  • It can decrease utilization of treatments that are in common usage but are not supported by evidence
  • EBP may also increase utilization treatments that are supported in research and not commonly used
32
Q

How does implementing “and” or “or” into a research search alter the search results?

A

Using “and” will narrow the search while “or” will broaden the search

33
Q

T or F? Prospective study is the most effective method for examining prognosis/etiology

A

True

EBP (2 decks)

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