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Animal Behavior > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is on the top and bottom of aristotle’s scala naturae?

A

Top: Humans
Bottom: Inanimate matter.
Also called the chain of being.
it was an ordering of living beings.

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2
Q

Who wrote the book “Principles of Psychology”?

A

Herbert Spencer.

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3
Q

Who wrote “On the Origin of Species”?

A

Charles Darwin.

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4
Q

Who wrote “The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex.”?

A

Charles Darwin.

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5
Q

What might explain why something that is a disadvantage from a “natural selection” POV would persist within a species?

A

Sexual Selection.

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6
Q

Who wrote “Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals”?

A

Charles Darwin.

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7
Q

Attribution of human traits to non-human entities?

A

Anthropomorphic.

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8
Q

how did Darwin analyze his observations in “Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals”?

A

He analyzed animal behavior in an anthropomorphic way which was the standard at the time.
He concluded the behavior complexity increased versely with brain size.

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9
Q

The study of animal behavior focused on the evolution and function of the behavior?

A

Ethology
Primary: Field Studies.

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10
Q

The study of animal behavior focused on the physiology, mechanism, learning and development of the behavior?

A

Comparative Psychology.
Primary: Lab Experiments and quantitative data.

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11
Q

Student of Darwin who is considered one of the founders of comparative psychology?

A

George Romanes.

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12
Q

Much of animal behavior after Darwin was studied…

A

Subjectively.

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13
Q

Who was the first to state animal behavior was instinctual?
“non-human behaviors are simply tropisms.”

A

Jacques Loeb.

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14
Q

Physiochemical response to a stimulus?

A

Tropism.

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15
Q

Benefit of using field studies Vs Lab studies?

A

No human caused artifacts.

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16
Q

Benefit of lab studies Vs Field studies?

A

Variables can be controlled for.

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17
Q

Who attempted to tie both ethology and comparative psychology together?

A

Niko Tinbergen.

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18
Q

What are the four questions of animal behavior brought about by Niko Tinbergen?

A
  • What are the mechanisms which cause a particular behaviour?
  • How did the behavior develop?
  • What is the behaviors survival value?
  • How did this behavior evolve?
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19
Q

Who are the three founders of Ethology?

A

Frisch, Lorenz, and Tinbergen.

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20
Q

In certain flies the male will give the female a sort of “Nupital Gift” to distract the female from attacking him while mating. By comparing the relative phylogeny of the flies we see this same behavior in different forms, some have a wrapped food gift, some only wrapping, some only food. What area of study would use this to describe the behavior?

A

Ethology.

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21
Q

Evolution is studied through the comparison of species to determine their relatedness, when this is applied to behavior what is this called?

A

Ethology.

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22
Q

What is a FAP?

A

Fixed Action Pattern.
Motor response initiated by an environmental stimulus.

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23
Q

What is an important factor of a FAP?

A

Fixed Action Pattern.
That the action continues once initiated even if the stimulus is removed.

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24
Q

What is defined by these four features?
- Innate behavior
- Performed by all appropriate members of the species.
- Sequence of behavior is consistent and in-alterable
- May be triggered inappropriately.

A

FAP
Fixed Action Pattern.

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25
Q

What is the environmental stimulus called which brings about a FAP?

A

Sign Stimulus.
- Fixed Action Pattern

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26
Q

A sign stimulus which is caused by a conspecific?

A

Social Releaser.
(Conspecific= Same Species.)

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27
Q

Long successive series of FAPs?

A

Chain of reactions.
This is when each FAP has its own sign stimulus or social releaser triggering the next one.

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28
Q

What behavior is commonly associated with Chain of reactions?
What is the stimulus called?

A

Mating rituals.
A series of social releasers each instigating its own FAP.

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29
Q

Who argued that behavior should be explained in the simplest ways and not to attribute human characteristics- only use the available evidence?

A

Lloyd Morgan
This was known as Morgan’s canon.

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30
Q

Who did the puzzle box (escape only) lab experiment which led to the idea of operant conditioning?

A

E. L. Thorndike.

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31
Q

Trial and Error learning?

A

Operant Conditioning.

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32
Q

Responses which are rewarded tend to be repeated?

A

Law of Effect.

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33
Q

Who developed the idea of classical conditioning?

A

Pavlov.

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34
Q

When an innocuous stimulus becomes associated with the reward stimulus?

A

Classical Conditioning.

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35
Q

How to differentiate between operant and classical conditioning?

A

Classical forms an association whereas operant is a learned response.

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36
Q

School of behavior based solely on what can be visually observed?

A

Behaviorism.
Produced more quantitative data and focused on eliminating subjective data.

37
Q

Who did the puzzle boxes with food reward?

A

Skinner.

38
Q

Branch of comparative psychology which looks at the physiological basis of behaviors?

A

Physiological psychology.
Primarily based on the nervous system.

39
Q

Who discovered the mind was located within the brain?
Where was it previously believed to be?

A

Jean Pierre Florens
Prev the heart.

40
Q

Who tortured a bunch of rats by ablating various brain regions to localize memory/ learning?

A

Karl Lashley.
Discovered memory is not localized.

41
Q

Who tortured a bunch of pigeon/ rabbits by ablating various brain regions and studying the effect on their behavior?

A

Jean Pierre Florens

42
Q

Who is the father of behavioral endocrinology?

A

Frank Beach
Took lashley’s torture approach but also ablated various endocrine organs (ovaries/ testes) to see their effect on behavior.

43
Q

What are two fields ethology gave rise to?

A

Behavioral Ecology.
Sociobiology.

44
Q

Evolutionary and ecological basis of animal behavior?

A

Behavioral Ecology.
Costs/ benefits of behaviour in regards to the environment.

45
Q

Focuses on the application of evolutionary theory to social behavior.

A

Sociobiology.
Explains how behaviour which may be beneficial to the individual could still be expressed.

46
Q

Who coined the term inclusive fitness?

A

Hamilton.

47
Q

Who proposed that to understand sociobiology you must understand the demography of the population?

A

Wilson.

48
Q

Study of the influence of genes on behavior?

A

Behavioral Genomics.

49
Q

Goals of _________ is to explain behaviors in terms of their impact on fitness.

A

Behavioral Biology- modern ethology.
Deduces that behaviors which decrease fitness will be selected out of the gene pool.

50
Q

The practical utilization of the knowledge of animal behavior.

A

Applied Animal Behavior
Think training a dog uses knowledge of animal behavior.

51
Q

Gene in fruit flies that is regulatory gene affecting the courtship process?

A

Fruitless Gene (fru)

52
Q

How do both male and female flies have the fru gene but only male flies go through the courtship process?

A

The expression of the fru gene changes based on the exposure to one or two X chromosome.
1 X= Neural circuitry for male courtship
2 X= Neural circuitry of male courtship dies off.

53
Q

What is commonly used in behavioral genomics to deduce whether a behavior is due to genetics or the environment?

A

Inbred lines. If two essentially genetically same animals are exposed the different environments and have the same behavior= genes
if one gene is changed and same environment but diff behavior= genes

54
Q

A gene hypothesized to be involved with a certain behavior based on studies.

A

A candidate gene.

55
Q

Knocking up Vs Knocking Down?

A

When a candidate gene is suspected of producing a protein affecting a behavior knocking up increases it’s expression whereas knocking down disables the gene.

56
Q

A behavior where multiple genes are involved?

A

Quantitative trait.
Located at a QTL (Quantitative Trait Locus.)

57
Q

Type of genetic analyses which allows many genes effect on behavior to be studied at once.

A

Microarray analyses. Also called mRNA profiling as it focuses on the mRNA produced in regards to changed behavior.

58
Q

What are the two requirements of social bonding?

A
  • individuals willing to approach each other
  • Memory of social cues.
59
Q

Which gene is associated with learning songs in male birds?

A

Zenk Gene

60
Q

Hormones affect behavior. What kind of factor is this?

A

Environmental.

61
Q

How does methylation usually affect a gene?

A

Turns it off, tighter coiled.

62
Q

How does Histone Acetylation usually affect a gene?

A

Turns it on, loosely coiled.

63
Q

What are the three type of selection?

A

Stabilizing selection: Middle ground
Directional Selection: Favors one extreme
Disruptive Selection: Favors both extremes.

64
Q

A gene which affects more than one trait?

A

Pleiotropic.

65
Q

What are 4 ways genetic diversity is maintained despite natural selection?

A

Gene Flow.
Genetic Drift.
Frequency dependent selection.
Negative assortment mating.

66
Q

What are three ways evolution may favor a neutral trait?

A

Gene linkage
Gene may be pleiotropic
When more than one gene controls a beneficial trait.

67
Q

Trait is selected for when it is at a lower % in the population.

A

Negative frequency dependent selection.

68
Q

What frequency dependent type will decrease variation?

A

Positive frequency dependent selection as this favors the most common genes. Ex: the rare colors of a venomous snake are more likely to be killed by predation since the predator did not recognize it’s morph as venomous.

69
Q

When mating a bird prefers a different phenotype than her own, what is this type of selection?

A

Negative assortment mating

70
Q

Who got ducklings to follow him due to imprinting?

A

Konrad Lorenz.

71
Q
A

Metatool

72
Q
A

Self Perception/ Testing

73
Q
A

Sensory, integration, Motor output.

74
Q
A

Axon V Dendrite

75
Q
A

Peripheral Vs CNS functions.

76
Q
A

Interneuron one for avoiding echbat

77
Q
A

Dishabituation

78
Q
A

Longterm potentiation Vs depression Vs neurogenesis

79
Q
A

Social behavioral networks.

80
Q
A

Correlational Vs interventional studies

81
Q
A

antihormone

82
Q
A

Glucorticoids.

83
Q
A

Associated reproductive pattern

84
Q
A

Dissociated repro

85
Q

Hormone which stimulate birds to rear offspring

A
86
Q

Smoltification

A
87
Q

When young offspring develop it’s parents

A
88
Q
A

Animal Behavior (3 decks)

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