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Physiology > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general structure of a fatty acid?

A

A long chain of carbon atoms bound to hydrogen with a carboxyl on the end (-COOH). They are large!

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2
Q

What is the general structure of a triglyceride?

A

Glycerol plus three fatty acids.

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3
Q

What is the general structures of glucose?

A

6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms and 6 oxygen atoms.

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4
Q

What is the general structure if glycogen?

A

Alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds.

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5
Q

What is the general structure of an amino acid?

A

They have a carboxyl group (-COOH), an amino group (-NH2) and a hydrogen attached to the same carbon.

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6
Q

What is the general structure of a protein?

A

Linear sequence of amino acids.

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7
Q

What is the general structure of ATP?

A

Adenine, ribose and the three phosphate groups.

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8
Q

What is the general structure of DNA?

A

A three-dimensional structure that forms when two DNA strands link through hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs.

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9
Q

Name three common functional groups.

A

Amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl, and phosphate.

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10
Q

What is a solute?

A

Any substance that dissolves in liquid.

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11
Q

What are two ways we can increase the concentration of a solution?

A

Increase volume of the solution and decrease the temperature.

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12
Q

What are two ways we can decrease the concentration of a solution?

A

Decrease volume of solution and increase the temperature.

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13
Q

What is the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules?

A

Hydrophilic loves water while hydrophobic fears water.

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14
Q

how does pH drop?

A

Temperature increases in a solution

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15
Q

What is passive transport?

A

The process of a molecule passing through a concentration.

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16
Q

What drives passive transport?

A

The second law of thermodynamics to move through the concentration gradient.

17
Q

What are the different types of passive transport?

A

Simple and facilitated diffusion.

18
Q

What is active transport?

A

The process of transferring substances, in and out of the cells using energy.

19
Q

What components are required in active transport?

A

Cell energy (Pumps) are all required.

20
Q

What drives active transport?

A

ATP.

21
Q

What are the two different types of active transport?

A

Primary and secondary active transport.

22
Q

Passive v.s. Active transport.

A

Passive transport does NOT require energy while active transport does.
Passive transport has a downhill movement, active transport has an uphill movement.
Passive transport is spontaneous, active transport is not spontaneous.

23
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

When two solutions contain the same solute and water content.

24
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

A solution with a lower solute concentration.

25
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

A solution with a higher solute concentration.

26
Q

What type of openings allow water to move through the cell?

A

Lipid pathways and water channel pathways.

27
Q

What is the primary mechanism of creating for generating ATP quickly?

A

Phosphocreatine.

28
Q

What molecules are needed to synthesize ATP?

A

ADP + Pi + energy =ATP

29
Q

What does ATP get broken down to?

A

ATP is broken down into ADP.

30
Q

What does hydrolysis mean when it comes to breaking down ATP?

A

Hydrolysis means that phosphate bond on ATP is broken by water.

31
Q

What is the general structure of ATP?

A

The nitrogenous base, adenine, the sugar, ribose, and a chain of three phosphate groups bound to ribose.

32
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

The transfer of phosphate molecules to a protein.

33
Q

How does the body phosphorylation molecules?

A

This reaction passes electrons from molecules along the electron transport chain, releasing energy used to make ATP.

34
Q

What are the key enzymes?

A

Amylase, Maltese, lactase and lipase.

35
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

Enzymes (proteins) lower the EA, combine with molecules to start a chemical reaction, bind to reactant molecules to help bonding, and do not become consumed in the process.

36
Q

Why do we need oxygen?

A

To extract energy from glucose through respiration.

37
Q

What happens to the end of the electron transport chain?

A

ATP is developed.

38
Q

What does the breakdown of fats entail?

A

Fats are broken down through enzymes, water or hydrolysis where it is turned into ACoA which enters into the Krebs cycle.

39
Q

What does the breakdown of proteins entail?

A

Proteins are broken down into amino acids, which the body uses to repair tissue.

Physiology (2 decks)

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