Exam 1

Question 1

ways of knowing information: experience definition

Answer 1

making assumptions based on previous experience

Question 2

why do we rely on experiential knowledge?

Answer 2

accessible, trust our own experiences

Question 3

problems with experiential knowledge

Answer 3

over-generalization
subjective
salient
no comparison group
bias
confounded

Question 4

confounded definition

Answer 4

what is happening could be caused by another variable

Question 5

ways of knowing information: authority definition

Answer 5

relying on information from an “expert”

Question 6

problem with relying on authority

Answer 6

many people look or sound like an authority when they are not
ex: person wearing a white coat

Question 7

ways of knowing information: intuition definition

Answer 7

relying on information that “feels right”

Question 8

problems with relying on intuition

Answer 8

humans are swayed by a good story
fall prey to the availability heuristic
biased towards what we already believe (but we don’t think we are)

Question 9

ways of knowing information: empiricism definition

Answer 9

practice of relying on observation

Question 10

problems with relying on empiricism

Answer 10

more bias

Question 11

pre-registration

Answer 11

before running a study, you have to say what the study is that you are doing to run, your hypothesis, and your methods so that you can’t change it along the way
open science

Question 12

criticisms of psychology

Answer 12

WEIRD
agenda’d
dishonesty
replication crisis
top tier journal effect
positive effect bias
null findings

Question 13

WEIRD

Answer 13

white, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic

Question 14

agenda’d

Answer 14

“psychology has a liberal bias”
etc

Question 15

dishonesty

Answer 15

data fabrication, lying

Question 16

replication crisis

Answer 16

only 36% of studies were replicated

Question 17

positive effect bias

Answer 17

published only studies that “worked”

Question 18

null findings

Answer 18

when there is no significant effect found

Question 19

registered reports

Answer 19

before you run a study, you submit intro and methods
then run the study and report it
as long as it is done how you said it would be done, it gets published

Question 20

what makes something good science?

Answer 20

unbiased, replicable, open and transparent, use of the scientific method

Question 21

double blind study

Answer 21

researcher doesn’t know what condition the participant is under, and the participant doesn’t know what condition they are in

Question 22

effect/error

Answer 22

larger proportion=more likely to be significant

Question 23

good science characteristics

Answer 23

no causal language
variables must be continuous or continuous-like
examining relationships, not comparing groups

Question 24

what makes something science?

Answer 24

scientific method: observe something, form a hypothesis, run the study, analyze the results, form a conclusion

Question 25

science is an iterative process meaning

Answer 25

can keep trying, changes in society, things relevant now weren’t relevant then, failed experiments, don’t always get the same answer, changes and evolves as we learn more

Question 26

ceiling effect

Answer 26

ex: if everyone got a 100 on a test, the test needs to be more difficult

Question 27

floor effect

Answer 27

ex: if everyone got a 0 on a test, the test needs to be easier

Question 28

social desirability

Answer 28

people don’t want to look bad when self reporting

Question 29

theory definition

Answer 29

set of concepts that explains data and predicts future events; set of statements that describes general principles about how variables relate to one another

Question 30

social dominance theory

Answer 30

some people prefer social hierarchy more than others and this can lead them to push other groups down

Question 31

Chris Crandall

Answer 31

theory about how the environment someone is in will impact how prejudiced they are

Question 32

empirical paper

Answer 32

new data

Question 33

review paper

Answer 33

summarizing

Question 34

replication paper

Answer 34

retesting

Question 35

theory paper

Answer 35

bring all the empirical studies together and summarize it into a phenomenon/idea

Question 36

meta-analysis

Answer 36

takes a ton of empirical data and reruns stats all together

Question 37

observational study

Answer 37

observing things happening
collecting data from the outside
still have a research Q and hypothesis
would need other people observing to remove bias
observe behaviors -> draw conclusions

Question 38

ethnography

Answer 38

observational study from within the group being studied
if you’re interested in cults, join the cult
Leon Festinger

Question 39

correlational study

Answer 39

more than 1 variable, at least one IV and one DV
relationships between variables
all variables have to be on a continuum
3 outcomes: positive correlation, negative correlation, or no correlation
aggregate data: the overall effect, like the average trend

Question 40

experimental study

Answer 40

1+ IV, 1+ DV
groups for the IV, under different conditions, categorical
groups are manipulated, people are randomly assigned into them
have at least 2 groups
not looking at relationships, comparing the averages between groups

Question 41

field experiments

Answer 41

in the real world, not in the lab
different from observational because you are still manipulating something
ex: how is men’s urination impacted by someone standing at the urinal next to them?

Question 42

quasi-experimental

Answer 42

exactly the same as experimental but no random assignment
can’t randomly assign things like gender
cannot use causal language

Question 43

determinants of causality

Answer 43

covariation, temporal precedence, and internal validity

Question 44

covariation

Answer 44

when the predictor changes, so does the outcome
all study designs meet this criteria

Question 45

temporal precedence

Answer 45

predictor precedes the outcome
can’t have DV before IV
quasi and correlational do NOT meet this criteria
experiment do: because of random assignment, manipulation is happening before the experiment

Question 46

internal validity

Answer 46

you have the ability to rule out third variables (confounds)
ex: as ice cream sales increase, so do shark attacks. Third variable is summer/increase in temperature
quasi and correlational do NOT meet this criteria

Question 47

operational definitions

Answer 47

how do you measure or manipulate something in your study
you choose this as the researcher
no right or wrong answer, only what you can get other people to buy in to

Question 48

reliability question

Answer 48

am I measuring one thing?

Question 49

validity question

Answer 49

is it the right thing?