Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

ways of knowing information: experience definition

A

making assumptions based on previous experience

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2
Q

why do we rely on experiential knowledge?

A

accessible, trust our own experiences

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3
Q

problems with experiential knowledge

A

over-generalization
subjective
salient
no comparison group
bias
confounded

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4
Q

confounded definition

A

what is happening could be caused by another variable

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5
Q

ways of knowing information: authority definition

A

relying on information from an “expert”

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6
Q

problem with relying on authority

A

many people look or sound like an authority when they are not
ex: person wearing a white coat

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7
Q

ways of knowing information: intuition definition

A

relying on information that “feels right”

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8
Q

problems with relying on intuition

A

humans are swayed by a good story
fall prey to the availability heuristic
biased towards what we already believe (but we don’t think we are)

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9
Q

ways of knowing information: empiricism definition

A

practice of relying on observation

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10
Q

problems with relying on empiricism

A

more bias

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11
Q

pre-registration

A

before running a study, you have to say what the study is that you are doing to run, your hypothesis, and your methods so that you can’t change it along the way
open science

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12
Q

criticisms of psychology

A

WEIRD
agenda’d
dishonesty
replication crisis
top tier journal effect
positive effect bias
null findings

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13
Q

WEIRD

A

white, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic

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14
Q

agenda’d

A

“psychology has a liberal bias”
etc

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15
Q

dishonesty

A

data fabrication, lying

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16
Q

replication crisis

A

only 36% of studies were replicated

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17
Q

positive effect bias

A

published only studies that “worked”

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18
Q

null findings

A

when there is no significant effect found

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19
Q

registered reports

A

before you run a study, you submit intro and methods
then run the study and report it
as long as it is done how you said it would be done, it gets published

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20
Q

what makes something good science?

A

unbiased, replicable, open and transparent, use of the scientific method

21
Q

double blind study

A

researcher doesn’t know what condition the participant is under, and the participant doesn’t know what condition they are in

22
Q

effect/error

A

larger proportion=more likely to be significant

23
Q

good science characteristics

A

no causal language
variables must be continuous or continuous-like
examining relationships, not comparing groups

24
Q

what makes something science?

A

scientific method: observe something, form a hypothesis, run the study, analyze the results, form a conclusion

25
science is an iterative process meaning
can keep trying, changes in society, things relevant now weren't relevant then, failed experiments, don't always get the same answer, changes and evolves as we learn more
26
ceiling effect
ex: if everyone got a 100 on a test, the test needs to be more difficult
27
floor effect
ex: if everyone got a 0 on a test, the test needs to be easier
28
social desirability
people don't want to look bad when self reporting
29
theory definition
set of concepts that explains data and predicts future events; set of statements that describes general principles about how variables relate to one another
30
social dominance theory
some people prefer social hierarchy more than others and this can lead them to push other groups down
31
Chris Crandall
theory about how the environment someone is in will impact how prejudiced they are
32
empirical paper
new data
33
review paper
summarizing
34
replication paper
retesting
35
theory paper
bring all the empirical studies together and summarize it into a phenomenon/idea
36
meta-analysis
takes a ton of empirical data and reruns stats all together
37
observational study
observing things happening collecting data from the outside still have a research Q and hypothesis would need other people observing to remove bias observe behaviors -> draw conclusions
38
ethnography
observational study from within the group being studied if you're interested in cults, join the cult Leon Festinger
39
correlational study
more than 1 variable, at least one IV and one DV relationships between variables all variables have to be on a continuum 3 outcomes: positive correlation, negative correlation, or no correlation aggregate data: the overall effect, like the average trend
40
experimental study
1+ IV, 1+ DV groups for the IV, under different conditions, categorical groups are manipulated, people are randomly assigned into them have at least 2 groups not looking at relationships, comparing the averages between groups
41
field experiments
in the real world, not in the lab different from observational because you are still manipulating something ex: how is men's urination impacted by someone standing at the urinal next to them?
42
quasi-experimental
exactly the same as experimental but no random assignment can't randomly assign things like gender cannot use causal language
43
determinants of causality
covariation, temporal precedence, and internal validity
44
covariation
when the predictor changes, so does the outcome all study designs meet this criteria
45
temporal precedence
predictor precedes the outcome can't have DV before IV quasi and correlational do NOT meet this criteria experiment do: because of random assignment, manipulation is happening before the experiment
46
internal validity
you have the ability to rule out third variables (confounds) ex: as ice cream sales increase, so do shark attacks. Third variable is summer/increase in temperature quasi and correlational do NOT meet this criteria
47
operational definitions
how do you measure or manipulate something in your study you choose this as the researcher no right or wrong answer, only what you can get other people to buy in to
48
reliability question
am I measuring one thing?
49
validity question
is it the right thing?