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mbs 326m > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the three domain system?

A

archae, eukarya, and bacteria

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2
Q

what is biogensis?

A

developement of life from pre-exsiting forms of life forms

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3
Q

who observed the first microorganisms

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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4
Q

mycology study of?

A

molds,yeasts, and mushrooms

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5
Q

who composed a microscope and observed thin slices of cork. Then he coined the term “cells”.

A

robert hooke

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6
Q

why is mycobacterium difficult to stain?

A

it’s difficult to stain because of the large amounts of waxlike lipids present in the cell wall.

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7
Q

why is gram staining in microbiology important?

A

it’s important because it differntiates bacterial cells with diff types of cell walls

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8
Q

You are performing a gram stain on gram negative bacteria and stop after adding mordant. How well the bacteria appear?

A

purple

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9
Q

which microscope is best for viewing details of internal structures within live cells?

A

phase contrast microscopy

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10
Q

what is incorrect about capsules?

A

involvement in DNA transfer

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11
Q

what is incorrect about prokaryotic cells?

A

prokaryotes lack a ribosome

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12
Q

what is expected to find in acid fast cell walls?

A

mycolic acid and peptidoglycan

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13
Q

what is the function of fimbriae?

A

numerous and hairlike structures that attach to surfaces

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14
Q

what is the function of glycocalyx?

A

protection from phagocytes

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15
Q

what is the function of a cell wall?

A

protects from osmotic pressure

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16
Q

what is the function of pili?

A

transfers genetic material

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17
Q

gram positive bacterium characteristics

A

gram positive bacterium characteristics

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18
Q

gram negative characteristics

A

lipopolysaccharide, phospholipid, lipoprotein, peptidoglycan, plasma membrane, and O-antigens

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19
Q

which of the following is correct regarding prokaryotic cells?

A

dna not associated with histones

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20
Q

what is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella?

A

eukaryotic flagella have a 9 + 2 arrangment of microtubules

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21
Q

what are structures NOT found in prokaryotic cells?

A

cilia

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22
Q

which structures allow a cell to survive adverse environmental conditions?

A

endospores

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23
Q

What is quorum sensing?

A

the ability of bacteria in biofilm to communicate with each other and coordinate their activities

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24
Q

a medium containing chemicals to inhibit growth of gram positive bacteria would be called?

A

selective

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25
Q

what technique is used to seperate bacteria and get individual colonies?

A

streak plate

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26
Q

bacteria is reproduced by ?

A

binary fission

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27
Q

culture mediums consisting of agar, peptone, and beef heart extract is?

A

a complex medium

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28
Q

when bacterial cell reproduce by splitting into two daughter cells, the process is called?

A

binary fission

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29
Q

in what phase of the growth curve is the population-doubling time fastest?

A

log phase

30
Q

blood agar is used to observe hemolysis or clearing around streptococcus pyogenes colonies is an example of?

A

differential media

31
Q

T/F: the endosymbiotic theory states that eukaryotic organelles evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes living within other prokaryotes?

A

true

32
Q

Bacteria characteristics

A

prokaryotes, double bilayer, petidoglycan,, single cell, divide by binary fission, use flagella for motility

33
Q

archaea characteristics

A

prokaryotes, lack peptidoglycan cell walls, live in extreme environments, don’t cause disease in humans( generally)

34
Q

fungi characteristics

A

eukaryotes, chitin cell walls,yeast: unicellular, molds/mushrooms: multicellular

35
Q

protozoa

A

motile via pseudopods, cilia or flagella, reproduce sexually/asexually, free living or require parastic host, eukaryotes

36
Q

algae

A

eukaryotes, cellulose in cell wall, photosynthesis for energy,unicellular/multicellular, reproduce sexually/ asexually

37
Q

viruses

A

dna/rna core surrounded by protein coat, required for a living host to replicate, inert outside a living host.

38
Q

who is carl woese?

A

he created the domain classifcations

39
Q

who is louis pasteur?

A

demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air

40
Q

who is rudolf virchow?

A

said that cells arise from preexisting cells(biogenesis)

41
Q

who is paul ehrilch?

A

magic bullet. could destroy a pathogen without harming the host

42
Q

who is alexander fleming?

A

discovered first antibiotic

43
Q

brightfield microscope

A

bright background, low contrast, both stained/unstained

44
Q

darkfield microscope

A

dark background, increase contrast between sample & field, some internal structures can be viewed

45
Q

phase contrast

A

high contrast, can view life and cell internal structures, used to view microbial movement & detecting bacterial structures

46
Q

confocal

A

cells stained with fluoroscent dyes, laser beam used to illuminate the fluroscent, sharp 3d images, used to study biofilms

47
Q

acidic dye

A

chromophore is negatively charged, stain binds to molecules that are positively charged on surface of bacterium

48
Q

why is gram staining important for prescription of antibiotic treatment?

A

distinguishes between gram +/- bacteria. many antibiotics specifically target cell wall synthesis, so it’s important to know what type of bacteria it is.

49
Q

basic dye

A

chromophere is positively charged, stain binds to to molecules that are negatively charged on surface of bacterium

50
Q

acid fast staining

A

only binds to bacteria that have waxy cell walls which can’t be decolorized by alcohol.

51
Q

negative staining for capsules

A

capsules provide an exterior covering for the bacterium. They are stained with india ink or nigrosin. They appear to be halo around the cell which indicates a capsule is present.

52
Q

What are endospores?

A

Dormant cellular structures that are resistant to harsh external conditions. The primary stain is malachite green. Cells appear red or pink with green dots when stained.

53
Q

Which microscope forms an image from two sets of light rays, one from the light source and the other diffracted from a structure in the specimen?

A

phase contrast microscope

54
Q

Bacteria that divide in multiple planes and form grapelike clusters are called

A

staphylococci.

55
Q

Some bacteria stain Gram-positive and others stain Gram-negative because of differences in the structure of their

A

cell wall

56
Q

what shape is bacillus?

A

rod shaped

57
Q

what shape is coccus?

A

spherical shaped

58
Q

what is the shape of vibrio, spirillum, and spirochete?

A

spiral

59
Q

what is the bacteria whose arrangment is in pairs?

A

dipolocci or diplobacilli

60
Q

what bacteria is in clusters?

A

staphylocci

61
Q

what bacteria is in chains?

A

streptococci and streptobacilli

62
Q

What are the sizes of two subunits used to compose prokaryotic ribosomes?

A

30s+50s

63
Q

Which of the following contain 70S ribosomes?

A

Prokaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

64
Q

Which of the following is NOT a feature of Mannitol Salt Agar?

A

ability to differentiate between different types of Gram negative bacteria

65
Q

The following steps occur during binary fission. What is the third step?

A

inward growth of membrane

66
Q

Which of the following best describes the rate of microbial death when treated with antimicrobial chemicals?

A

Cells in a population die at a constant rate.

67
Q

Commercial sterilization is a limited heat treatment to destroy

A

Clostridium botulinum endospores.

68
Q

More than half of our antibiotics are produced by species of

A

Streptomyces.

69
Q

Which one of the following groups of pathogens are the easiest to treat with antimicrobial agents?

A

Bacteria

70
Q

One disadvantage to using broad-spectrum antibiotics is that they

A

destroy normal microbiota.

mbs 326m (1 decks)

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