Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is one significant challenge related to the investigation of international relations?
A
The study of international relations considers every factor that influences human behavior.
2
Q
Which two seemingly contradictory tendencies are evident in U.S. foreign policy?
A
America’s tendency to isolate itself and a determination to reform the world in its own image
3
Q
If you have always seen members of the Conservative Party as protecting big business at the expense of the middle class, you will assume the Conservative Party candidate running for election will not support your progressive economic agenda. What kind of reasoning is this an example of?
A
Schematic
4
Q
What is people’s psychological tendency to deny or rationalize away discrepancies between their existing beliefs and new information known as?
A
Cognitive dissonance
5
Q
Which of the following exemplifies the psychological process of creating a mirror image?
A
The rivalry between Pakistan and India, in which each demonizes the other
6
Q
Country A is afraid of aggression by Country B, so it starts to stockpile weapons and ammunition. Country B sees this and decides to start buying weapons too, because Country A is demonstrating aggression. What kind of reciprocal hostility is this an example of?
A
Mirror images
7
Q
Which of the following interactions is NOT characteristic of states embroiled in an enduring rivalry?
A
One state always sees itself as being aggressive, regardless of the other state’s international activities
8
Q
As a learner who is new to the study of international politics, which of the following practices is most essential to understanding the work of scholars, policymakers, and the “attentive public”?
A
Understand the vocabulary they use
9
Q
What are Brazil, the United Nations, the Red Cross, China, and the European Union called in international relations?
A
Actors
10
Q
What political concept can be defined as the factors that enable one actor to change another actor’s behavior against its preferences?
A
Power
11
Q
The Peace of Westphalia ushered in a new concept of international relations when leaders no longer recognized the governing authority of the Roman Catholic Church. What did the treaty establish among the affected states?
A
State sovereignty
12
Q
What is the main difference between an intergovernmental organization (IGO) and a nongovernmental organization (NGO)?
A
An IGO is an institution created around states’ governments, while an NGO is an institution established around non-state actors.
13
Q
Which political concept implies a convergence between territorial states and the psychological identification of people within them?
A
Nation-state
14
Q
Which of the following can be categorized as a nongovernmental organization (NGO)?
A
Amnesty International
15
Q
The Basques in Spain are primarily identified by their shared common ancestral nationality, language, cultural heritage, and kinship. What are they recognized as?
A
An ethnic group
16
Q
What are the United Nations and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization examples of?
A
Intergovernmental organizations
17
Q
What level of analysis refers to the personal characteristics of human beings, including political decision makers?
A
Individual
18
Q
You seek to understand Russia’s policy on international trade by examining how its Federal Assembly interacts with the Duma. Which level of analysis should you be using?
A
State
19
Q
Which level of analysis would be in use when analyzing the capacity of rich states to dictate the choices of poor states?
A
Systemic
20
Q
What was Winston Churchill referring to when he advised, “The farther backward you look, the farther forward you are likely to see”?
A
It is crucial to view changes in politics today through a long-term historical perspective.
21
Q
What kind of period did international politics go through after the Cold War ended, when communism was no longer a threat to democracy in the Western Hemisphere?
A
Transformation
22
Q
According to Stanley Hoffmann, which of the following questions is key in determining whether a new global system has emerged?
A
What are the system’s basic units for global governance?
23
Q
Which perspective looks at world politics from the “ground up,” focusing on the individual as the unit of analysis from which aggregate behavior is extrapolated?
A
Micro political
24
Q
States’ predominant foreign policy goal has shifted away from territorial conquest to focus on new markets. What kind of means are these new markets?
A
Economic
25
Which political term refers to a condition in which the units in the global system are subjected to few, if any, overarching institutions to regulate their conduct?
Anarchy
26
What is the name of a model or pattern that structures thoughts about an area of inquiry?
Paradigm
27
Which approach to foreign policy emphasizing the use of military and economic power to bring about freedom and democracy in other countries was pivotal in the U.S. decision to wage war against Iraq in 2003?
Neoconservative
28
Which worldview would assume that even though Germany has the most powerful economy in the European Union, Germany should keep a strong military because there is no way to guarantee that the leaders of other member states have peaceful intentions?
Realism
29
How do realists define the conditions under which some participants in cooperative interactions benefit more than others?
Relative gains
30
When developing and using nuclear weapons, what kind of reactions did the United States create for other countries, motivating them to establish their own nuclear weapons programs?
Security dilemma
31
How do neorealists differ from classical realists?
Neorealists emphasize the global level of analysis.
32
Liberals believe that global politics is more of a struggle for which of the following?
Mutual gain
33
Which of the following statements would a liberal agree with?
Reforming the conditions in which people live, rather than lusting for power, will enhance the prospects for peace.
34
Which system is guided by the principle that an act of aggression by any state will be met by a collective response from the rest?
Collective security
35
What kind of relations involve interactions across state boundaries that involve at least one actor that is not the agent of a government or intergovernmental organization?
Transnational relations
36
Which of the following sometimes offers a better description of world politics than realism does, especially on international economic and environmental matters?
Complex interdependence
37
What does the concept of responsibility to protect sacrifice because it calls for the international community to intervene when it perceives that a government is perpetrating genocide, ethnic cleansing, or war crimes?
State sovereignty
38
What event stimulated interest in constructivism?
The end of the Cold War
39
Which perspective argues that the United States and the Soviet Union were able to ease tensions with one another after the Cold War because their interactions normalized, and they worked to understand each other peacefully as Russia turned away from communism?
Constructivist
40
From the social constructivism perspective, what are the priorities and interests of the United Nations based on?
Shared ideas
41
What demographic variable does feminism emphasize in the study of world politics?
Gender
42
Why did the feminist perspective emerge in the study of international relations?
The role of women has been marginalized in most societies.
43
Which economic theory emphasizes public ownership and control of property and resources?
Socialism
44
Which perspective would state that systematically excluding women from military combat compromises national defense because it reduces the availability of skilled soldiers who can help fight in wars?
Feminism
45
Which economic theory emphasizes private ownership of the means of production and distribution?
Capitalism
46
Which political perspective focuses on class conflict and the material interests of each class?
Marxism
47
What perspective represents the most recent effort to interpret world politics in terms of an integrated capitalistic division of labor?
World-system theory
48
What does Donald Puchala compare our understanding of world politics to?
A jigsaw puzzle
49
The case of Brexit is an example of tension between which two competing interests?
State sovereignty and commitments to European integration
50
The theory hypothesizing that less-developed countries are exploited because global capitalism makes them dependent on the rich countries is referred to as which of the following?
Dependency theory
51
What are wealth, military strength, and public opinion examples of in relation to the foreign policymaking process?
Internal influences
52
How is a unitary actor defined?
A homogeneous or monolithic unit with few or no important internal differences that affect its choices
53
What term describes the decision-making process that includes defining the situation, weighing the goal, considering the alternatives, and selecting the best option in the field of international relations?
Rational choice
54
What term describes the idea that the ability of a decision maker to choose the best option is often constrained by various human and organizational obstacles in the field of international relations?
Bounded rationality
55
Which theory discusses how emotions shape beliefs, attitudes, and decisions?
Affective intelligence theory
56
Environmentalists emphasize that burning coal creates pollution. The consequences of the choice to burn coal are not usually considered at the time it is done. What term do political scientists use to describe this situation?
Externalities
57
Which of the following is a two-stage, analytic decision-making model that incorporates cognitive approaches and rational choice expectations?
Poliheuristic theory
58
Inflation can sometimes be an unintended side effect of runaway government spending. In this case, what is inflation an example of?
An externality
59
Which theory argues that people are "more willing to take risks to avoid losses than to achieve gains"?
Prospect theory
60
Which of the following represents an implication of prospect theory?
The Johnson and Nixon administrations' decisions to keep the United States involved in the war in Vietnam
61
What model used in the discipline of international relations explains the role of Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet state and the path toward liberalization ?
The history-making individual model
62
What was the Monroe Doctrine ?
A call for separate spheres of influence for the United States and Europe and a warning to European countries not to colonize or interfere in the Western Hemisphere
63
Bureaucracies often hire and promote the most capable individuals. What does this lead to?
Meritocracies
64
One of the characteristics of large-scale bureaucratic organizations is the tendency to cope with policy problems by relying on which of the following?
Standard operating procedures
65
The president of the United States calls a meeting to discuss U.S. involvement in a crisis between Israel and Palestine. Which model would predict that the military would prefer to station troops along the demilitarized zone, while the chief diplomat to Israel would prefer to host a summit to negotiate a cease-fire?
Bureaucratic politics
66
What was one reason the 9/11 Commission cited as to why opportunities to head off the terrorist attacks were missed?
Leadership did not listen to warnings from the national security agencies.
67
Which of the following is a typical result of groupthink?
A lack of alternate opinions and individual thinking
68
Which institutional framework is a process that allows people, through their elected representatives, to exercise power and influence the state's policies?
Constitutional democracy
69
With which system of government would autocratic rule typically be associated?
Authoritarian
70
If President George Bush had initiated war with Iraq to divert attention from domestic problems in the United States, which theory would his motive have demonstrated?
The diversionary theory of war
71
What term describes the distribution of power among members of the global system in the field of international relations?
Polarity
72
Smaller European countries decided to join the European Union because they would benefit from an alliance with powerful European countries such as Great Britain, France, and Germany, to name a few. What does this example illustrate?
Polarization
73
What is one geostrategic advantage of the United States?
The oceans that separate it from Europe and Asia
74
Which of the following is taken into consideration in geopolitics?
Environment
75
The changing list of problems or issues to which governments pay special attention at any given moment is referred to as which of the following?
Policy agenda
76
According to the long-cycle theory, what does the victorious hegemon do immediately following each global war?
It creates and enforces rules to preserve its position and maintain global order.
77
The Treaty of Versailles created the League of Nations and reinforced the hegemonic aspirations of Germany, Italy, and Japan. Other countries avoided being dominated by these countries, which resulted in World War II and new global leaders. Which theory does this example demonstrate?
Long-cycle
78
Which political concept argues that states' behavior is shaped primarily by changes in the properties of the global system, such as shifts in the balance of power?
Structuralism
79
Which of the following theories is used by many historians as an alternative interpretation of the origins of World War I, as the southeastern European states in power valued their agenda above all others and had little tolerance for the ethnic traditions and heritage of other states?
Nationalism
80
A state acts independently without worries about resistance from weaker powers and chooses to address international problems without reliance on global organizations. Which mindset is that state following?
Unilateralism
81
World War I resulted in a profound distaste for war, great power competition, armaments, and which theoretical approach?
Realism
82
To which country did the Treaty of Versailles assign responsibility for the war?
Germany
83
Which international response to Germany's occupation of the Sudetenland failed to curb Germany's expansionist policies before World War II?
Appeasement
84
What event led the United States to abandon its isolationist policy during World War II?
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
85
Following World War I, several states considered themselves global power centers, and they each had other states allied with them. What is the term for this distribution of power in the field of international relations?
Multipolarity
86
Prior to World War II, the people of Germany believed they had the right to invade sovereign nations that were former German territories or had many Germans living within their borders. What was their main motivation?
Irredentism
87
Which of the following ideologies promotes extreme nationalism and the establishment of an authoritarian state with a dictatorial leader?
Fascism
88
Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler were both fascists. Who did they believe was the higher authority in a fascist regime?
The state
89
At the end of World War II, which of the following events that attempted to design a new world order were Churchill, Stalin, and Roosevelt part of?
The Yalta Conference
90
At the global level of analysis, realists define the beginning of the Cold War as the struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union. What did these two countries try to expand to maximize their strategic advantages?
Sphere of influence
91
Which theory argues that if one state succumbed to communism, its neighbors would follow suit?
The domino theory
92
As a result of the Truman Doctrine, which of the following strategies would the United States pursue against the Soviet Union during the Cold War?
Containment
93
During détente, how are tensions between adversaries defined?
Relaxed
94
What kind of period did the United States and the Soviet Union enter once Mikhail Gorbachev instituted the policies of glasnost and perestroika?
Rapprochement
95
Which of the following political concepts characterizes a hegemonic configuration of power with only one predominant superstate?
Unipolarity
96
If a hegemon chooses to embark on costly imperial pursuits and military spending, which of the following is it likely to experience, thus weakening its economy in relation to the economies of its rivals?
Imperial overstretch
97
As U.S. hegemony weakens, other states are less dominated by U.S. power and become necessary actors in the settlement of complex transnational disputes. What is the term for this new distribution of power in the international system?
Multiplex
98
Several countries share a cooperative approach to managing and solving collective problems, as exemplified by the formation of the League of Nations. What kind of relationship do they form?
Multilateral
99
Which of the following is defined as a cooperative agreement among great powers to manage the global system jointly?
Concert
100
According to some analysts, the growing power of which state may be the single most influential driver of geopolitical change today?
China
101
What percentage of the world population lives in the Global South?
About 85 percent of the world population
102
By how much did the number of independent countries increase from the end of World War I to 2011?
The number more than tripled
103
Which of the following describes the process by which sovereign independence was achieved by countries that were once colonies of the great powers?
Decolonization
104
Kuwait is considered a part of the Global South. At the same time, the large revenue it earns from oil exports gives it the economic power to assert influence in the international community. What kind of power should Kuwait be described as?
An emerging power
105
Which of the following is an economic philosophy advocating government regulation of economic life to increase state power?
Mercantilism
106
According to laissez-faire economics, the government should have minimal interference in which of the following?
Economic market
107
Which of the following ideologies appeared in opposition to capitalism and states that if society were organized so that each person produced according to their ability and consumed according to their needs, a classless society would emerge?
Communism
108
Which of the following theories argues that people should be able to determine the government that will rule them?
Self-determination
109
According to the text, which regions of the world have the lowest democracy scores?
Middle East and North Africa
110
The Global South is home to many "hybrid regimes," which can best be defined as which of the following?
Regimes with serious irregularities in the functioning of government, political culture, and political participation
111
Which theoretical premise suggests that it was natural for Great Britain to expand overseas because the countries of Europe were in competition for power and as a result, imperial expansion became necessary to gain the material wealth required to assert dominance in Europe?
Realpolitik
112
According to which doctrine are individuals supposed to be afforded the right to determine the government that will rule them?
Self-determination
113
Which of the following measures the production by a state's citizens or companies, regardless of where the production occurs?
Gross national income (GNI)
114
After World War II, what did the liberal democracies of the Global North consider to be the greatest barrier to modernization in the Global South?
Own internal characteristics
115
The current preference for development in the Global South is a growth strategy that concentrates on developing domestic export industries capable of competing in overseas markets. What is another term for this preference?
Export-led industrialization
116
Kiley is going to visit Jamaica and stay at a luxurious hotel that is staffed by Jamaicans earning a decent wage and living in modern housing. However, she also realizes there is another side to Jamaica where citizens do not live as well. What kind of economic divide can be found in Jamaica?
Dualism
117
Which of the following accurately describes newly industrialized countries (NICs)?
Members of the Global South that are among the largest exporters of manufactured goods
118
When an entrepreneur in Chile seeks to expand their business, it is vital that they have access to the latest communications technology. However, which of the following phenomena between the Global North and Global South might inhibit their ability to compete on a global level?
The digital divide
119
To gain more economic power, which coalition did the emerging Global South countries form to exert influence over the UN?
The G-77
120
Most foreign aid is bilateral. How does the money flow?
It flows directly from one country to another.
121
What was the purpose behind the U.S. establishment of the Millennium Challenge Account (MCA)?
To provide billions in aid annually to encourage just government and economic freedom
122
A person from Nigeria comes to work in the United States and earns money to send to their family back home. What kind of transaction do they complete when the money is sent back to Nigeria?
A remittance
123
What is the leading cause of the shift from farm work to service jobs in the urban Global South?
Foreign direct investment
124
The abuse of entrusted power for private gain poses enormous costs on four dimensions within a country. Which of the following is NOT one of those dimensions?
Psychological
125
Which of the following processes gathered speed after the United Kingdom granted independence to India and Pakistan in 1947?
Decolonization
