Exam 1 Flashcards
Meaning when saying development is lifelong
No age period Dominates development
Meaning when saying development is multi directional
Throughout life, some dimensions and components of a dimension expand another shrink
Example : learning one language in early development, makes it difficult to learn others
-Siblings shape siblings, etc
Meaning when saying development is multi-dimensional
Your body, mind emotions and relationships are always changing. Infecting others age does not matter.
- Development has biological cognitive and Socioemotional dimensions
Meaning when saying development is plastic
Capacity for change, brains, ability to change or adapt… RESILIENCE
Example: you can still learn new things when you’re older, but the capacity for change, maybe less compared to a younger age
-Brain can also common say after damage to brain
Meaning when saying development involves growth, maintenance and loss
Mastery of life often involves conflict and competition
- Meaning that loss a long life doesn’t have to be tragic. It is a potential new beginning.
Meaning when saying development is multidisciplinary
Example, how does your health and heritage limit your intelligence?
Meaning when saying development is context specific
All development occurs within a Contacts or Settings. settings are influenced by historical economical, social, and cultural factors
What is a normative age-graded influence?
Influences that are similar for individuals in a particular group, such as puberty or menopause
What is a normative history graded-influence?
Influences that are common to people of a certain generation, because of historical circumstances, such as the Great Depression or World War II
What is a non normative life event?
Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on someone’s life, such as winning the lottery or death of a parent
Meaning when saying development is involved with continuity and discontinuity
Continuity-discontinuity issue: debate about the extent to which development involves gradual cumulative change (continuity) or distinct changes (discontinuity)
Continuity would be described as a seedling to a giant Oak
Discontinuity would be described as a caterpillar, going to a chrysalis, then to a butterfly
What are the 5 systems of the brofenbrenner’s model (Mary might explode might cry)
-Micro: setting (that they constructed) in which the individual lives
-Meso: relations between Microsystems or connections between contexts
-Exosystem: consists of links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role & the individuals immediate context
-macro: culture in which individuals live
-chrono: consists of the pattering of environmental events over the life course (divorce)
How’s Erikson’s theory based on the epigenetic principle “not a rosary of achievement”
Genetically we all start from something.. you do not go through one stage then done, stages always continue
What are the first stages of Eriksons theory?
- Basic trust vs mistrust- infant
- trust ( having caregivers that were very responsive) mistrust ( non-responsive parents baby learns people around them won’t help or they aren’t worthy
What is the 2nd stage of eriksons theory?
Autonomy vs. Shame & doubt (toddler stage)
- gain a sense of independence (self-regulation, self-efficacy)
-punished too harshly then the toddler developed shame and doubt feelings
-if the parents give the child too much freedom or control, the kid is set up for failure
What is the 3rd stage of eriksons theory?
Initiative vs guilt (preschool, language explosion)
-guilt = not supposed to act like that
-planning, fantasy, future identity development
What is the 4th stage of eriksons theory
Industry vs inferiority (grade school, obsessed with doing things & doing them well)
-self esteem can either rise or drop
-Industry- have actual skills & having everyone know it
-inferiority: worth only comes from doing something right (if coach yells at players for not winning)
What is the 5th stage of eriksons theory
Identity vs role confusion (adolescent stage, identifying who you are)
What is the 6th stage of eriksons theory?
Intimacy vs isolation (early adulthood)
-need to figure out who you are before marriage
-Intimacy: sharing your true self
-Isolation: not necessarily being alone, but feeling alone & not knowing who you are within a relationship
What is the 7th stage of eriksons theory
Generativity vs self-absorption/stagnation (45-65
-generativity: caring about others & leaving a good impression
-self-absorption: focusing on yourself and your vanity (kris Jenner)
What is the 8th stage of eriksons theory
Integrity vs despair (old age) (mr fredrickson in UP)
Integrity- looking back with wisdom
Despair- angry & bitterness
What are the 5 parts of operant conditioning?
Reinforcement, punishment, rules for using operant condition, schedules of reinforcement, implications for personality
What a area the parts of reinforcement?
- Defined by an increase in behavior
- Two types- positive & negative reinforcement
- Positive: verbal praise
-negative: when giving a baby a pacifier to stop the crying
What are the parts of punishment?
- Defined by a decrease in the behavior
- Stops one behavior, but does not teach proper behavior
What are the 4 rules of operant conditioning?
- Always use reinforcement first (thinking of positive ways)
- Never use punishment without reinforcement (punishment but reinforce behavior you want)
- Uses social rather than tangible reinforcers
- Consequences should be consistent (or on a planned schedule) there should be a plan, not reinforce sometimes and punishment others
What are the parts to schedules of reinforcement?
- Event schedules how frequent the reinforcement is
A. Continuous- every time someone does something good they get a reward
B. Intermittent- on a schedule but not every time
C. Random- you know you will get a reward but you don’t know when
What are the 4 parfaits to implications for personality?
- Language choices (how babies learn through reinforcement)
- Emotional expressions (labeled emotions.. girls are sad when crying but boys are mad)
- Habits & preferences (can be shaped by others)
- Avoidant behavior & phobias (more avoidant = more inforcement of fear… worsening fear)
What is comprised within a correlational study?
Research that attempts to determine the strength of the relationship between 2 or more events or characteristics
Ex: if a study asks “is there a relationship between technology use and mental health”
CORRELATION DOES NOT = CAUSATION
what are the components of a survey?
Sometimes referred to as a questionaire which is useful when information from other people is needed
-interviewing people directly
What are the components of a case study?
It is an in-depth look at a single individual
-sometimes the findings are too generalized
What are teratogens?
Agents that can induce or increase th incidence of birth defects in a developing child
What is an experiment?
A carefully regulated procedure in which one or more of the factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while other factors are held constant
What is a cross sectional approach?
A research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared at one point in time
What occurs during a longitudinal approach?
A research study in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time (several years or more)
What occurs in a person who has Huntington’s disease?
Degeneration of nerve cells in the brain alone with movement and cognitive rigidity and impairement
What occurs in a person with tay-sachs disease?
The person is lacking an enzyme to break down fatty substances which causes an excess clog up of neuropathways
-loss of muscle tone & seizures… death by the age of 5
Why are genes and behavior/personality harder to study?
Likely to be normally distributed, polygenetic inheritance, and often times better genetic work than psychological measurement
What is polygenetic inheritance?
Meaning that many genes contribute to the development of a characteristic
