Exam 1

Question 1

determinism

Answer 1

all scientists presume that the universe is playful and orderly place in which all phenomena occur as the result of other events

Question 2

empiricism-

Answer 2

the practice of objective observation and measurement of the phenomena of interest

Question 3

experimentation

Answer 3

-a controlled comparison of some measure of the phenomena of interest (DV) under 2 or more different conditions in which only one factor at a time (IV) differs from one condition to another

Question 4

Replication

Answer 4

repeating of experiments, self-correcting

Question 5

Parsimony

Answer 5

requires that all simple, logical explanations for the phenomenon under investigation be ruled out, experimentally or conceptually before more complex or abstract explanations are considered

Question 6

philosophical doubt

Answer 6

requires the scientists to continually question the truthfulness of what is regarded as fact

Question 7

What are the primary philosophical positioins of behavior analysis

Answer 7

determinism, empiricism, experimentation, parsimony, philosophical doubt, replication

Question 8

Dimensions of ABA

Answer 8

Behavioral
Applied
Technology
Conceptually systematic
Analytic
Generalizable
Effective

Question 9

Behavioral

Answer 9

1- behavior chosen for study must be the behavior in need of improvement; 2-behavior must be measurable; 3-when changes in behavior are observed during an investigation, it is necessary to ask whose behavior has changed

Question 10

Applied

Answer 10

effecting improvements in behavior that enhance and improve people’s lives

Question 11

Technological

Answer 11

all its operative procedures are identified and described with sufficient detail and clarity “such that a reader has a fair chance of replicating the application with the same results”

Question 12

Conceptually systematic

Answer 12

procedures for changing behavior and any interpretations of how and why those procedures were effective should be described in terms of relevant principles from which they were derived

Question 13

Analytic

Answer 13

experimenter has demonstrated a functional relation between the manipulated events and a reliable change in some measurable dimension of the targeted behavior; experimenter must control occurrence and nonoccurence of behavior

Question 14

Generality

Answer 14

if behavior change lasts over time, appears in environments other than one in which the intervention that initially produced it was implemented, and/or spreads to other behaviors not directly treated by the intervention

Question 15

Effective

Answer 15

produce behavior changes that reach clinical and social significance

Question 16

Other characteristics of ABA proposed

Answer 16

. accounable
b. public
c. doable
d. empowering
e. optimistic

Question 17

Selectionism

Answer 17

all forms of life, from single cells to complex cultures, evolve as a result of selection with respect to function

Question 18

Ontogeny

Answer 18

the history of the development of an individual organism during its lifetime

Question 19

Phylogeny

Answer 19

the history of the natural evolution of a species

Question 20

stimuli

Answer 20

energy changes that affect an organism through its receptor cells; anything that triggers a physical or behavioral change; internal/external;

Question 21

antecedent stimuli

Answer 21

environmental condition or stimulus change existing or occurring prior to a behavior of interest

Question 22

Consequence stimuli

Answer 22

stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest. Some consequences, especially those that are immediate and relevant to current motivational states, have significant influences on future behavior

Question 23

Stimulus control

Answer 23

A situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus

Question 24

Operant behavior

Answer 24

behavior that is selected, maintained and brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences; each person’s repertoire of operant behavior is a product of his history of interactions with the environment
ABC

Question 25

Respondent

Answer 25

the response component of a reflex; a behavior that is elicited, or induced, by antecedent stimuli

Question 26

Reflexes

Answer 26

Stimulus-response relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits. Unconditioned and conditioned reflexed protect against harmful stimuli, help regulate the internal balance and economy of the organism, and promote reproduction

Question 27

Reinforcement

Answer 27

a basic principle of behavior describing a response-consequence functional relation in which a response is followed immediately by a stimulus change that results in similar responses occurring more often

Question 28

Premack Principle

Answer 28

a principle that states that making the opportunity to engage in a high probability behavior contingent on the occurrence of a low frequency behavior with function as reinforcement for the low frequency behavior (grandma’s law)

Question 29

Punishment

Answer 29

when a response is followed immediately by a stimulus change that results in similar responses occurring less often

Question 30

Examples of generalized reinforcers

Answer 30

money, tokens, points

Question 31

Extinction

Answer 31

the discontinuing of a reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior; the primary effect is a decrease in frequency of the behavior until it reaches a pre-reinforced level or ultimately ceases to occur
benefits-can eliminate problem behavior
risks-extinction burst (more negative behavior), new negative behavior

Question 32

What is the difference between the escape and avoidance contingency?

Answer 32

Escape-you’re in it and you want to get out
avoidant-you seen a stimulus signaling that you will engage with an aversive stimulus and so you can avoid it