Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the ages of early adolescence? What are some key features?
11-14, puberty
What are the ages for middle adolescence? What are some key features
15-18, high school, think about post secondary, careers, move away, romantic relationships
What are the ages for late adolescence?
19-25
What are normative transitions?
those that are expected to occur within a given culture
What are idiosyncratic transitions?
those that are unexpected and because of this it is more difficult to adjust to
What goes on during late adolescence?
Identity exploration - personal philosophy, religion, spirituality, career, find strengths
Instability - of life, financially
Self-Focus - what do i want, not selfishness
Optimism - everything is a wonderful possibility
In Transition - perceived dependence, a feeling
What did ancient greeks believe of adolescence?
the development of reasoning
What is the life cycle service? When was this popular?
the process of moving to a friend of a parent’s house, and practicing a particular skill or trade
Pre-industrial Europe
What was adolescence like in the 18th and 19th century
moving to cities for jobs that were often dangerous, fighting and rowdiness ensued
What is life like for adolescence nowadays?
generally have more anxiety because of ever changing world, trying to keep up. A focus on social influence rather than themselves, better at setting boundaries,
What are some trends in adolescence?
Globalization - become aware of world around them, technology means more than ever
Education - focused on career, more dependent on parents
Urbanization - moving from farms to cities, less legacy farms, want predictability
What contributes to adolescent well-being?
ongoing caring relationships with adults
social support systems
social competence and life skills
technical and analytic skills
motivation for life long learning
values that allow them to live in a diverse society
ability to live with uncertainty
belief in promising future
What are the different kinds of theories of adolescence?
Biological theories
Psychoanalytic theories
Cognitive theories
Learning and social cognitive theories
Contextual theories
What is Bronfenbrenner’s Model? What kind of theory is it?
Different levels of interaction and relationships that an individual has. a contextual theory
Microsystem (inner)
Mesosystem (between agents in microsystem)
Exosystem (broad, ex. government)
Macrosystem (culture)
Chronosystem (time factor)
What is the developmental systems theory?
Sees adolescents as very involved in their own development.
a contextual theory
What does the endocrine system do during puberty?
changes in hormones released
it is governed by hypothalamus
the pituitary gland releases hormones that trigger the release of hormones from other glands
What is the HPG Axis? What does it do?
Hypothalamus, –> Pituitary, –> and Gonads
hypothalamus increases production of gonadotropic releasing hormones
- stimulates the pituitary gland to produce gonadotropic hormones (follicles stimulating hormones, luteinizing hormone)
- stimulates development of ovum and sperm and sex hormones from the gonads
What are the 3 main sex hormones?
Androgens - testosterone (men)
Estrogens - estradiol (women)
Progestins - progesterone
What does the adrenal gland do during puberty?
Pituitary gland increases production of adrenocorticotropic hormone which causes the adrenal gland to increase androgen production - DHEA which starts growth of hair and changes in the brain
Matures at 6-9 yrs
What are the effects of androgens?
Primary for males
growth of larynx, bone, kidney, muscles, body hair
What are the effect of estrogen?
primary for females
breast development, liver, plasma, bone and synapses in the brain
What happens to the set point of hormones during puberty?
Changes due to body fat and leptin, kisspeptin responds to the increase of leptin
Insulin-like growth factor 1 causes a growth spurt
What is ossification?
ends of long bones finish changing from cartilage to bone
What are some changes in physical functioning after puberty?
heart grows and heart rate falls
vital capacity of lungs
muscle development
bones become denser and stronger
increased stamina and oxygen uptake
increased cardiac output
peak functioning of immune system
reaction time and grip strength peak in 20s
Is puberty mostly genetically determined?
yes
What are the social and psychological factors in the timing of puberty?
marital conflict, stress can accelerate it
Family income, living with both parents
potential genetic link
Early alcohol consumption - can both de/accelerate it
How does prior information to puberty affect the personal reactions?
Girls - get a lot of information, the more positive the better. Concern about breast development and noticeable differences
Boys - less info, concerned about noticeable differences and erections, tend to get info from school
How do early maturing girls react to puberty?
more problems at school, less friends, more mental health issues, low self esteem, problems with aggression, substance use, conflict with parents
- bc less information earlier, harder to adjust, body shape does not match, relationships earlier, look more mature than they are
How do late maturing girls react to puberty?
initially more anxious and depressed, in long run tend to do better, body type matches ideal better
How do early maturing boys react to puberty?
tend to do well, positive self image, body close to ideal, popular, builds confidence
leadership positions, fewer problems with parents, advantages stretch into adulthood
More hostility, depression, problems in school, sexual activity and substance use earlier
Late maturing boys react to puberty?
often depressed and anxious, less likely to have substance use and deliquency problems
not stereotypical masculine, develop other skills
What is the deviance hypothesis?
off time events are more difficult to adjust to, making early/late developers have more difficulty
what is the stage termination hypothesis?
childhood is abruptly come to an end before they are psychologically ready
for early developers only
What is the adult resemblance hypothesis?
social expectations to act like adults because they look like an adult
How does the parent - child relationship change during puberty?
a good relationship makes adaptation easier
more conflict than at any other time, specifically early adolescence
Less time spent together
Less physical contact but more conversation
What is a rite of passage?
an age you get to or an event when you reach, a ritual/ceremony/instruction, a marker in which you are an adult after
How does the brain develop during puberty?
Increased myelination
Increased lateralization of the hemispheres
Increase in synapses and pruning of synapses
Development of the frontal lobe
Growth of synapses in the nucleus accumbens
Growth of cerebellum
What accounts for mood changes?
Hormones - fluctuations at any age
Stress - expectations about school, fitting in, stress hormones released (cortisol - mood swings)
Fewer Coping strategies - less experience, emotional regulation limited
How does body image affect adolescents and puberty?
If closer to the ideal, better reaction
60-63% of the time body shape and weight are central determinants of attractiveness
Girls more than boys
Negative body image = depression, mental health issues, eating disorders
What the the negative effects of lack of sleep? Why are adolescents affected?
preferences for staying up late, more activities, stress leads to insomnia,
- leads to overweight (eating late)
- depression and anxiety
- irritability
-education performance
- harder for brain to manage emotions and stress
- deliquent activity and substance abuse
What are the overall health issues in adolescents?
Mood, body image, Sleep, nutrition, exercise,
What are qualitative changes in cognitive development?
inherent difference in that indivdiual in different stages
What is quantitative changes in cognitive development?
more cognitive development, understand more, perspectives, gradually increasing brain capacity
What is Piaget’s approach to cognitive development?
believes stages of development are universal and invariant
development depends on physical changes and how stimulating the environment is
- stimulating environment encourages physical development
Maturation leads to children looking for environ. that match level.
Schemas
What are the two big processes Piaget believes is occurring to new information
Assimilation - info fits into something already known. A state of equilibrium
Accommodation - doesn’t fit with schemas, adjust and results in growth. A state of disequilibrium, a greater understanding in achieved
What are Piaget’s Stages of Development?
Sensorimotor stage (0-2yrs)
Preoperational (2-7)
Concrete operations (7-11)
Formal Operations (11+)
What occurs during the formal operational stage of development?
Abstract Thought
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning
Advanced states of equilibrium
Perspective taking
What are the concepts of abstract thought?
understand concepts like freedom, values, not everything concrete
Understand thoughts are private, can be socially appropriate and tactful, social skills
Symbolism in language, metaphors, sarcasm
Comfort with uncertainty
Idealism
What is Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning?
Generate hypotheses about reality
Conditional reasoning
Falsification strategies - eliminating possibilities
Cognitive parsimony - efficient cognitive processes
Transitivity - based on propositional logic and abstract reasoning , extrapolate from information given to problem solve
What is Inductive Reasoning
Taking observed and known information and formulating a general conclusion or theory
What is the key component of advanced states of equilibrium?
Schemas, when they are well developed the states are easy to maintain
more assimilation than accomodation
How does perspective taking change through adolescence?
early - mutual perspective taking, effective communication, body language
Mid to late - objective 3rd person and social system perspective
What is theory of mind?
the ability to attribute certain thoughts, belief, feelings to other people and to yourself. how they affect behavior
focus on a broader perspective
What are the reasons why adolescents do not consistently apply formal operational thought?
Limited time or attention
problem may be complex or unfamiliar
Incompletely stored in memory
Not of personal relevance or interest
What is adolescent egocentrism?
failure to distinguish your POV from someone else’s, too focused on your own
Focused on own knowledge that extends to other situations
What are examples of adolescent egocentrism?
Imaginary audience, personal fable, optimistic bias, over intellectualization
What is imaginary audience
believe others are always watching and judging you
leads to conformity, need for privacy, alone time
prevalent in girls, fades after 15-16
What is personal fable
feeling of having unique abilities and insight others don’t, I’m special
Lead to loneliness, dont reach out or talk to others
more in boys than girls
What is optimistic bias
illusion of invulnerability
leads to higher risk taking, brain development contributed to this as well
boys
What is over intellectualization
overly complex thinking
What is post formal thinking
ability to use logic and reason in practical ways
heuristics and mental short cuts, contextual problem solving
What is Vygotsky’s sociocultural view
children learn faster when they interact with knowledgeable others - the zone of proximal development
What is scaffolding and which view is it attached to
extra help individuals provide to understand the next level, connecting the levels
Vygotsky’s sociocultural view
What is Rogoff’s guided participation
states cognitive development occurs through interactions related to culturally valued activities
Learning and intelligence is culture bound - peeling potatoes on thanksgiving
What is the information processing theory of cognitive development?
continuous process of accumulating skills and abilities
Quantitative change
Brain development and how information is processed
What are the aspects of the information processing theory
Attention
Working memory
Enhanced executive functioning
Speed of information processing
Experience and information in long term memory
Automaticity
What are the limitations of the information processing approach
too reductionist
overlooks self awareness and reflection
sees cognition as too sequential, integrated not linear
no consideration of emotions
Fluid intelligence vs crystallized intelligence
Fluid is speed of information processing
Crystallized is accumulated knowledge
What is the flynn effect
increase of 3 IQ points every 10 years since 1950
What is Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence?
Contextual / practical intelligence
Experiential / creative
Componential / analytic
Successful intelligence
What is Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence
Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial
Musical, bodily kinesthetic
Interpersonal, intrapersonal
Existential
Naturalistic
What is metacognition? and what are the 3 types of knowledge
thinking about their own thinking
Declarative - info you have on hand
Procedural - know how to do
Conditional - when to use skill
What is critical thinking
purposeful thinking that involves examining and evaluating information
cognitive flexibility, reflective thinking, cognitive self-regulation
