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Adolescent Development > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the ages of early adolescence? What are some key features?

A

11-14, puberty

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2
Q

What are the ages for middle adolescence? What are some key features

A

15-18, high school, think about post secondary, careers, move away, romantic relationships

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3
Q

What are the ages for late adolescence?

A

19-25

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4
Q

What are normative transitions?

A

those that are expected to occur within a given culture

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5
Q

What are idiosyncratic transitions?

A

those that are unexpected and because of this it is more difficult to adjust to

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6
Q

What goes on during late adolescence?

A

Identity exploration - personal philosophy, religion, spirituality, career, find strengths
Instability - of life, financially
Self-Focus - what do i want, not selfishness
Optimism - everything is a wonderful possibility
In Transition - perceived dependence, a feeling

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7
Q

What did ancient greeks believe of adolescence?

A

the development of reasoning

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8
Q

What is the life cycle service? When was this popular?

A

the process of moving to a friend of a parent’s house, and practicing a particular skill or trade
Pre-industrial Europe

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9
Q

What was adolescence like in the 18th and 19th century

A

moving to cities for jobs that were often dangerous, fighting and rowdiness ensued

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10
Q

What is life like for adolescence nowadays?

A

generally have more anxiety because of ever changing world, trying to keep up. A focus on social influence rather than themselves, better at setting boundaries,

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11
Q

What are some trends in adolescence?

A

Globalization - become aware of world around them, technology means more than ever
Education - focused on career, more dependent on parents
Urbanization - moving from farms to cities, less legacy farms, want predictability

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12
Q

What contributes to adolescent well-being?

A

ongoing caring relationships with adults
social support systems
social competence and life skills
technical and analytic skills
motivation for life long learning
values that allow them to live in a diverse society
ability to live with uncertainty
belief in promising future

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13
Q

What are the different kinds of theories of adolescence?

A

Biological theories
Psychoanalytic theories
Cognitive theories
Learning and social cognitive theories
Contextual theories

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14
Q

What is Bronfenbrenner’s Model? What kind of theory is it?

A

Different levels of interaction and relationships that an individual has. a contextual theory
Microsystem (inner)
Mesosystem (between agents in microsystem)
Exosystem (broad, ex. government)
Macrosystem (culture)
Chronosystem (time factor)

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15
Q

What is the developmental systems theory?

A

Sees adolescents as very involved in their own development.
a contextual theory

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16
Q

What does the endocrine system do during puberty?

A

changes in hormones released
it is governed by hypothalamus
the pituitary gland releases hormones that trigger the release of hormones from other glands

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17
Q

What is the HPG Axis? What does it do?

A

Hypothalamus, –> Pituitary, –> and Gonads
hypothalamus increases production of gonadotropic releasing hormones
- stimulates the pituitary gland to produce gonadotropic hormones (follicles stimulating hormones, luteinizing hormone)
- stimulates development of ovum and sperm and sex hormones from the gonads

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18
Q

What are the 3 main sex hormones?

A

Androgens - testosterone (men)
Estrogens - estradiol (women)
Progestins - progesterone

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19
Q

What does the adrenal gland do during puberty?

A

Pituitary gland increases production of adrenocorticotropic hormone which causes the adrenal gland to increase androgen production - DHEA which starts growth of hair and changes in the brain
Matures at 6-9 yrs

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20
Q

What are the effects of androgens?

A

Primary for males
growth of larynx, bone, kidney, muscles, body hair

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21
Q

What are the effect of estrogen?

A

primary for females
breast development, liver, plasma, bone and synapses in the brain

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22
Q

What happens to the set point of hormones during puberty?

A

Changes due to body fat and leptin, kisspeptin responds to the increase of leptin
Insulin-like growth factor 1 causes a growth spurt

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23
Q

What is ossification?

A

ends of long bones finish changing from cartilage to bone

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24
Q

What are some changes in physical functioning after puberty?

A

heart grows and heart rate falls
vital capacity of lungs
muscle development
bones become denser and stronger
increased stamina and oxygen uptake
increased cardiac output
peak functioning of immune system
reaction time and grip strength peak in 20s

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25
Q

Is puberty mostly genetically determined?

A

yes

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26
Q

What are the social and psychological factors in the timing of puberty?

A

marital conflict, stress can accelerate it
Family income, living with both parents
potential genetic link
Early alcohol consumption - can both de/accelerate it

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27
Q

How does prior information to puberty affect the personal reactions?

A

Girls - get a lot of information, the more positive the better. Concern about breast development and noticeable differences
Boys - less info, concerned about noticeable differences and erections, tend to get info from school

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28
Q

How do early maturing girls react to puberty?

A

more problems at school, less friends, more mental health issues, low self esteem, problems with aggression, substance use, conflict with parents
- bc less information earlier, harder to adjust, body shape does not match, relationships earlier, look more mature than they are

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29
Q

How do late maturing girls react to puberty?

A

initially more anxious and depressed, in long run tend to do better, body type matches ideal better

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30
Q

How do early maturing boys react to puberty?

A

tend to do well, positive self image, body close to ideal, popular, builds confidence
leadership positions, fewer problems with parents, advantages stretch into adulthood
More hostility, depression, problems in school, sexual activity and substance use earlier

31
Q

Late maturing boys react to puberty?

A

often depressed and anxious, less likely to have substance use and deliquency problems
not stereotypical masculine, develop other skills

32
Q

What is the deviance hypothesis?

A

off time events are more difficult to adjust to, making early/late developers have more difficulty

33
Q

what is the stage termination hypothesis?

A

childhood is abruptly come to an end before they are psychologically ready
for early developers only

34
Q

What is the adult resemblance hypothesis?

A

social expectations to act like adults because they look like an adult

35
Q

How does the parent - child relationship change during puberty?

A

a good relationship makes adaptation easier
more conflict than at any other time, specifically early adolescence
Less time spent together
Less physical contact but more conversation

36
Q

What is a rite of passage?

A

an age you get to or an event when you reach, a ritual/ceremony/instruction, a marker in which you are an adult after

37
Q

How does the brain develop during puberty?

A

Increased myelination
Increased lateralization of the hemispheres
Increase in synapses and pruning of synapses
Development of the frontal lobe
Growth of synapses in the nucleus accumbens
Growth of cerebellum

38
Q

What accounts for mood changes?

A

Hormones - fluctuations at any age
Stress - expectations about school, fitting in, stress hormones released (cortisol - mood swings)
Fewer Coping strategies - less experience, emotional regulation limited

39
Q

How does body image affect adolescents and puberty?

A

If closer to the ideal, better reaction
60-63% of the time body shape and weight are central determinants of attractiveness
Girls more than boys
Negative body image = depression, mental health issues, eating disorders

40
Q

What the the negative effects of lack of sleep? Why are adolescents affected?

A

preferences for staying up late, more activities, stress leads to insomnia,
- leads to overweight (eating late)
- depression and anxiety
- irritability
-education performance
- harder for brain to manage emotions and stress
- deliquent activity and substance abuse

41
Q

What are the overall health issues in adolescents?

A

Mood, body image, Sleep, nutrition, exercise,

42
Q

What are qualitative changes in cognitive development?

A

inherent difference in that indivdiual in different stages

43
Q

What is quantitative changes in cognitive development?

A

more cognitive development, understand more, perspectives, gradually increasing brain capacity

44
Q

What is Piaget’s approach to cognitive development?

A

believes stages of development are universal and invariant
development depends on physical changes and how stimulating the environment is
- stimulating environment encourages physical development
Maturation leads to children looking for environ. that match level.
Schemas

45
Q

What are the two big processes Piaget believes is occurring to new information

A

Assimilation - info fits into something already known. A state of equilibrium
Accommodation - doesn’t fit with schemas, adjust and results in growth. A state of disequilibrium, a greater understanding in achieved

46
Q

What are Piaget’s Stages of Development?

A

Sensorimotor stage (0-2yrs)
Preoperational (2-7)
Concrete operations (7-11)
Formal Operations (11+)

47
Q

What occurs during the formal operational stage of development?

A

Abstract Thought
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning
Advanced states of equilibrium
Perspective taking

48
Q

What are the concepts of abstract thought?

A

understand concepts like freedom, values, not everything concrete
Understand thoughts are private, can be socially appropriate and tactful, social skills
Symbolism in language, metaphors, sarcasm
Comfort with uncertainty
Idealism

49
Q

What is Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning?

A

Generate hypotheses about reality
Conditional reasoning
Falsification strategies - eliminating possibilities
Cognitive parsimony - efficient cognitive processes
Transitivity - based on propositional logic and abstract reasoning , extrapolate from information given to problem solve

50
Q

What is Inductive Reasoning

A

Taking observed and known information and formulating a general conclusion or theory

51
Q

What is the key component of advanced states of equilibrium?

A

Schemas, when they are well developed the states are easy to maintain
more assimilation than accomodation

52
Q

How does perspective taking change through adolescence?

A

early - mutual perspective taking, effective communication, body language
Mid to late - objective 3rd person and social system perspective

53
Q

What is theory of mind?

A

the ability to attribute certain thoughts, belief, feelings to other people and to yourself. how they affect behavior
focus on a broader perspective

54
Q

What are the reasons why adolescents do not consistently apply formal operational thought?

A

Limited time or attention
problem may be complex or unfamiliar
Incompletely stored in memory
Not of personal relevance or interest

55
Q

What is adolescent egocentrism?

A

failure to distinguish your POV from someone else’s, too focused on your own
Focused on own knowledge that extends to other situations

56
Q

What are examples of adolescent egocentrism?

A

Imaginary audience, personal fable, optimistic bias, over intellectualization

57
Q

What is imaginary audience

A

believe others are always watching and judging you
leads to conformity, need for privacy, alone time
prevalent in girls, fades after 15-16

58
Q

What is personal fable

A

feeling of having unique abilities and insight others don’t, I’m special
Lead to loneliness, dont reach out or talk to others
more in boys than girls

59
Q

What is optimistic bias

A

illusion of invulnerability
leads to higher risk taking, brain development contributed to this as well
boys

60
Q

What is over intellectualization

A

overly complex thinking

61
Q

What is post formal thinking

A

ability to use logic and reason in practical ways
heuristics and mental short cuts, contextual problem solving

62
Q

What is Vygotsky’s sociocultural view

A

children learn faster when they interact with knowledgeable others - the zone of proximal development

63
Q

What is scaffolding and which view is it attached to

A

extra help individuals provide to understand the next level, connecting the levels
Vygotsky’s sociocultural view

64
Q

What is Rogoff’s guided participation

A

states cognitive development occurs through interactions related to culturally valued activities
Learning and intelligence is culture bound - peeling potatoes on thanksgiving

65
Q

What is the information processing theory of cognitive development?

A

continuous process of accumulating skills and abilities
Quantitative change
Brain development and how information is processed

66
Q

What are the aspects of the information processing theory

A

Attention
Working memory
Enhanced executive functioning
Speed of information processing
Experience and information in long term memory
Automaticity

67
Q

What are the limitations of the information processing approach

A

too reductionist
overlooks self awareness and reflection
sees cognition as too sequential, integrated not linear
no consideration of emotions

68
Q

Fluid intelligence vs crystallized intelligence

A

Fluid is speed of information processing
Crystallized is accumulated knowledge

69
Q

What is the flynn effect

A

increase of 3 IQ points every 10 years since 1950

70
Q

What is Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence?

A

Contextual / practical intelligence
Experiential / creative
Componential / analytic
Successful intelligence

71
Q

What is Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence

A

Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial
Musical, bodily kinesthetic
Interpersonal, intrapersonal
Existential
Naturalistic

72
Q

What is metacognition? and what are the 3 types of knowledge

A

thinking about their own thinking
Declarative - info you have on hand
Procedural - know how to do
Conditional - when to use skill

73
Q

What is critical thinking

A

purposeful thinking that involves examining and evaluating information
cognitive flexibility, reflective thinking, cognitive self-regulation

Adolescent Development (1 decks)

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