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Adolescent Development > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the ages of early adolescence? What are some key features?

A

11-14, puberty

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2
Q

What are the ages for middle adolescence? What are some key features

A

15-18, high school, think about post secondary, careers, move away, romantic relationships

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3
Q

What are the ages for late adolescence?

A

19-25

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4
Q

What are normative transitions?

A

those that are expected to occur within a given culture

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5
Q

What are idiosyncratic transitions?

A

those that are unexpected and because of this it is more difficult to adjust to

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6
Q

What goes on during late adolescence?

A

Identity exploration - personal philosophy, religion, spirituality, career, find strengths
Instability - of life, financially
Self-Focus - what do i want, not selfishness
Optimism - everything is a wonderful possibility
In Transition - perceived dependence, a feeling

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7
Q

What did ancient greeks believe of adolescence?

A

the development of reasoning

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8
Q

What is the life cycle service? When was this popular?

A

the process of moving to a friend of a parent’s house, and practicing a particular skill or trade
Pre-industrial Europe

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9
Q

What was adolescence like in the 18th and 19th century

A

moving to cities for jobs that were often dangerous, fighting and rowdiness ensued

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10
Q

What is life like for adolescence nowadays?

A

generally have more anxiety because of ever changing world, trying to keep up. A focus on social influence rather than themselves, better at setting boundaries,

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11
Q

What are some trends in adolescence?

A

Globalization - become aware of world around them, technology means more than ever
Education - focused on career, more dependent on parents
Urbanization - moving from farms to cities, less legacy farms, want predictability

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12
Q

What contributes to adolescent well-being?

A

ongoing caring relationships with adults
social support systems
social competence and life skills
technical and analytic skills
motivation for life long learning
values that allow them to live in a diverse society
ability to live with uncertainty
belief in promising future

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13
Q

What are the different kinds of theories of adolescence?

A

Biological theories
Psychoanalytic theories
Cognitive theories
Learning and social cognitive theories
Contextual theories

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14
Q

What is Bronfenbrenner’s Model? What kind of theory is it?

A

Different levels of interaction and relationships that an individual has. a contextual theory
Microsystem (inner)
Mesosystem (between agents in microsystem)
Exosystem (broad, ex. government)
Macrosystem (culture)
Chronosystem (time factor)

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15
Q

What is the developmental systems theory?

A

Sees adolescents as very involved in their own development.
a contextual theory

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16
Q

What does the endocrine system do during puberty?

A

changes in hormones released
it is governed by hypothalamus
the pituitary gland releases hormones that trigger the release of hormones from other glands

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17
Q

What is the HPG Axis? What does it do?

A

Hypothalamus, –> Pituitary, –> and Gonads
hypothalamus increases production of gonadotropic releasing hormones
- stimulates the pituitary gland to produce gonadotropic hormones (follicles stimulating hormones, luteinizing hormone)
- stimulates development of ovum and sperm and sex hormones from the gonads

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18
Q

What are the 3 main sex hormones?

A

Androgens - testosterone (men)
Estrogens - estradiol (women)
Progestins - progesterone

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19
Q

What does the adrenal gland do during puberty?

A

Pituitary gland increases production of adrenocorticotropic hormone which causes the adrenal gland to increase androgen production - DHEA which starts growth of hair and changes in the brain
Matures at 6-9 yrs

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20
Q

What are the effects of androgens?

A

Primary for males
growth of larynx, bone, kidney, muscles, body hair

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21
Q

What are the effect of estrogen?

A

primary for females
breast development, liver, plasma, bone and synapses in the brain

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22
Q

What happens to the set point of hormones during puberty?

A

Changes due to body fat and leptin, kisspeptin responds to the increase of leptin
Insulin-like growth factor 1 causes a growth spurt

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23
Q

What is ossification?

A

ends of long bones finish changing from cartilage to bone

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24
Q

What are some changes in physical functioning after puberty?

A

heart grows and heart rate falls
vital capacity of lungs
muscle development
bones become denser and stronger
increased stamina and oxygen uptake
increased cardiac output
peak functioning of immune system
reaction time and grip strength peak in 20s

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25
Is puberty mostly genetically determined?
yes
26
What are the social and psychological factors in the timing of puberty?
marital conflict, stress can accelerate it Family income, living with both parents potential genetic link Early alcohol consumption - can both de/accelerate it
27
How does prior information to puberty affect the personal reactions?
Girls - get a lot of information, the more positive the better. Concern about breast development and noticeable differences Boys - less info, concerned about noticeable differences and erections, tend to get info from school
28
How do early maturing girls react to puberty?
more problems at school, less friends, more mental health issues, low self esteem, problems with aggression, substance use, conflict with parents - bc less information earlier, harder to adjust, body shape does not match, relationships earlier, look more mature than they are
29
How do late maturing girls react to puberty?
initially more anxious and depressed, in long run tend to do better, body type matches ideal better
30
How do early maturing boys react to puberty?
tend to do well, positive self image, body close to ideal, popular, builds confidence leadership positions, fewer problems with parents, advantages stretch into adulthood More hostility, depression, problems in school, sexual activity and substance use earlier
31
Late maturing boys react to puberty?
often depressed and anxious, less likely to have substance use and deliquency problems not stereotypical masculine, develop other skills
32
What is the deviance hypothesis?
off time events are more difficult to adjust to, making early/late developers have more difficulty
33
what is the stage termination hypothesis?
childhood is abruptly come to an end before they are psychologically ready for early developers only
34
What is the adult resemblance hypothesis?
social expectations to act like adults because they look like an adult
35
How does the parent - child relationship change during puberty?
a good relationship makes adaptation easier more conflict than at any other time, specifically early adolescence Less time spent together Less physical contact but more conversation
36
What is a rite of passage?
an age you get to or an event when you reach, a ritual/ceremony/instruction, a marker in which you are an adult after
37
How does the brain develop during puberty?
Increased myelination Increased lateralization of the hemispheres Increase in synapses and pruning of synapses Development of the frontal lobe Growth of synapses in the nucleus accumbens Growth of cerebellum
38
What accounts for mood changes?
Hormones - fluctuations at any age Stress - expectations about school, fitting in, stress hormones released (cortisol - mood swings) Fewer Coping strategies - less experience, emotional regulation limited
39
How does body image affect adolescents and puberty?
If closer to the ideal, better reaction 60-63% of the time body shape and weight are central determinants of attractiveness Girls more than boys Negative body image = depression, mental health issues, eating disorders
40
What the the negative effects of lack of sleep? Why are adolescents affected?
preferences for staying up late, more activities, stress leads to insomnia, - leads to overweight (eating late) - depression and anxiety - irritability -education performance - harder for brain to manage emotions and stress - deliquent activity and substance abuse
41
What are the overall health issues in adolescents?
Mood, body image, Sleep, nutrition, exercise,
42
What are qualitative changes in cognitive development?
inherent difference in that indivdiual in different stages
43
What is quantitative changes in cognitive development?
more cognitive development, understand more, perspectives, gradually increasing brain capacity
44
What is Piaget's approach to cognitive development?
believes stages of development are universal and invariant development depends on physical changes and how stimulating the environment is - stimulating environment encourages physical development Maturation leads to children looking for environ. that match level. Schemas
45
What are the two big processes Piaget believes is occurring to new information
Assimilation - info fits into something already known. A state of equilibrium Accommodation - doesn't fit with schemas, adjust and results in growth. A state of disequilibrium, a greater understanding in achieved
46
What are Piaget's Stages of Development?
Sensorimotor stage (0-2yrs) Preoperational (2-7) Concrete operations (7-11) Formal Operations (11+)
47
What occurs during the formal operational stage of development?
Abstract Thought Hypothetico-deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning Advanced states of equilibrium Perspective taking
48
What are the concepts of abstract thought?
understand concepts like freedom, values, not everything concrete Understand thoughts are private, can be socially appropriate and tactful, social skills Symbolism in language, metaphors, sarcasm Comfort with uncertainty Idealism
49
What is Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning?
Generate hypotheses about reality Conditional reasoning Falsification strategies - eliminating possibilities Cognitive parsimony - efficient cognitive processes Transitivity - based on propositional logic and abstract reasoning , extrapolate from information given to problem solve
50
What is Inductive Reasoning
Taking observed and known information and formulating a general conclusion or theory
51
What is the key component of advanced states of equilibrium?
Schemas, when they are well developed the states are easy to maintain more assimilation than accomodation
52
How does perspective taking change through adolescence?
early - mutual perspective taking, effective communication, body language Mid to late - objective 3rd person and social system perspective
53
What is theory of mind?
the ability to attribute certain thoughts, belief, feelings to other people and to yourself. how they affect behavior focus on a broader perspective
54
What are the reasons why adolescents do not consistently apply formal operational thought?
Limited time or attention problem may be complex or unfamiliar Incompletely stored in memory Not of personal relevance or interest
55
What is adolescent egocentrism?
failure to distinguish your POV from someone else's, too focused on your own Focused on own knowledge that extends to other situations
56
What are examples of adolescent egocentrism?
Imaginary audience, personal fable, optimistic bias, over intellectualization
57
What is imaginary audience
believe others are always watching and judging you leads to conformity, need for privacy, alone time prevalent in girls, fades after 15-16
58
What is personal fable
feeling of having unique abilities and insight others don't, I'm special Lead to loneliness, dont reach out or talk to others more in boys than girls
59
What is optimistic bias
illusion of invulnerability leads to higher risk taking, brain development contributed to this as well boys
60
What is over intellectualization
overly complex thinking
61
What is post formal thinking
ability to use logic and reason in practical ways heuristics and mental short cuts, contextual problem solving
62
What is Vygotsky's sociocultural view
children learn faster when they interact with knowledgeable others - the zone of proximal development
63
What is scaffolding and which view is it attached to
extra help individuals provide to understand the next level, connecting the levels Vygotsky's sociocultural view
64
What is Rogoff's guided participation
states cognitive development occurs through interactions related to culturally valued activities Learning and intelligence is culture bound - peeling potatoes on thanksgiving
65
What is the information processing theory of cognitive development?
continuous process of accumulating skills and abilities Quantitative change Brain development and how information is processed
66
What are the aspects of the information processing theory
Attention Working memory Enhanced executive functioning Speed of information processing Experience and information in long term memory Automaticity
67
What are the limitations of the information processing approach
too reductionist overlooks self awareness and reflection sees cognition as too sequential, integrated not linear no consideration of emotions
68
Fluid intelligence vs crystallized intelligence
Fluid is speed of information processing Crystallized is accumulated knowledge
69
What is the flynn effect
increase of 3 IQ points every 10 years since 1950
70
What is Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence?
Contextual / practical intelligence Experiential / creative Componential / analytic Successful intelligence
71
What is Gardner's Multiple Intelligence
Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial Musical, bodily kinesthetic Interpersonal, intrapersonal Existential Naturalistic
72
What is metacognition? and what are the 3 types of knowledge
thinking about their own thinking Declarative - info you have on hand Procedural - know how to do Conditional - when to use skill
73
What is critical thinking
purposeful thinking that involves examining and evaluating information cognitive flexibility, reflective thinking, cognitive self-regulation

Adolescent Development (1 decks)

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