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MEDL 201 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what organ is the first to receive oxygenated blood from the coronary arteries?

A

heart

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2
Q

carry blood AWAY from the heart…

A

arteries

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3
Q

carry blood TO the heart…

A

veins

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4
Q

do veins or arteries have valves?

A

veins

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5
Q

capillaries are located…

A

between the arteries and the veins

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6
Q

order of vein we take blood from usually

A
  1. median 2. cephalic 3. basilic
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7
Q

median vein is located where on the arm

A

middle

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8
Q

cephalic vein is located where on the arm

A

outside or in line with the thumb

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9
Q

basilic vein is located where on the arm

A

inside of the arm or inner elbow

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10
Q

2 main portions of blood in the body…

A
  1. formed elements like RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
  2. fluid called PLASMA
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11
Q

fibrin clots do what?

A

uses up coagulation factors and entraps formed elements (cells)

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12
Q

the fluid remaining after coagulation/clotting is called?

A

SERUM

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13
Q

if there’s a clot the liquid is **, if it’s just in the body it’s ***

A

serum, plasma

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14
Q

yes or no… do PST tubes have anticoagulant in them?

A

yes

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15
Q

TAT

A

turn around time

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16
Q

routine

A

bulk of hospital testing, and result availability may vary with test ordered (TAT- up to 24 hours)

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17
Q

STAT

A

collect, process, and test immediately (TAT - 1 hour)

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18
Q

critical values

A

life threatening results

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19
Q

fasting

A

refrain from eating or drinking for a set period of time of time

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20
Q

outpatient

A

not admitted to hospital aka ambulatory

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21
Q

inpatient

A

admitted to hospital

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22
Q

donning

A
  1. hand sanitizer
  2. gown
  3. face shield
  4. gloves
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23
Q

doffing

A
  1. gloves
  2. hand sanitizer
  3. face shield
  4. gown
  5. wash hands
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24
Q

what is the most important step in specimen collection?

A

patient identification

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25
Q

does serum contain coagulation factors

A

no

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26
Q

if no clot (anti coagulated) what does it mean

A

coagulation factors in the plasma

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27
Q
  • doing checks before collection, see an error on the order, what should u do?
A

call the ordering physician for clarification

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28
Q
  • what is hemoconcentration caused by?
A

leaving tourniquet on too long

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29
Q
  • which urine specimen is optimal for a culture and sensitivity?
A

midstream urine

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30
Q
  • why do we exercise the plunger on the syringe before collection?
A

to break the seal so the plunger won’t stick

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31
Q
  • what is not a proper aliquoting technique?
A

recapping the aliquot tubes with the original tubes

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32
Q
  • which anticoagulant does not act by chelating(removing) calcium?
A

lithium heparin (anti thrombin)

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33
Q

grey top tube has what additives in it

A

potassium oxalate and sodium fluoride

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34
Q
  • what do we check for to ensure the patient has stopped bleeding?
A

oozing and mounding

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35
Q
  • what is the last choice of vein in the antecubital area?
A

basilic

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36
Q
  • what does ambulatory mean?
A

move on their own and outpatient

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37
Q
  • what is not a sign that a tourniquet may be too tight?
A

tourniquet indents the patients skin

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38
Q
  • Ischemia means?
A

temporary deficiency of blood to an area

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39
Q

when veins and arteries that are plugged with scar tissue is what

A
  • schlorost
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40
Q
  • inflammation of the wall of the vein is what?
A

phlebitis

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41
Q
  • CLSI recommends that serum/plasma and cells be separated within…
A

within 2 hours

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42
Q
  • spin down a clot tube from collection time (red or gold) for how long?
A

30-60 minutes

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43
Q
  • what carries deoxygenated blood away form the heart?
A

pulmonary arterties

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44
Q
  • speed of the centrifuge is referred to as?
A

RPM

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45
Q
  • post centrifugation; an SST sample has fibrin strands what would cause this?
A

the specimen had an insufficient clotting time

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46
Q
  • which unlabeled specimen would you try to fix/correct?
A

suprapubic urine collection because it’s the most invasive

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47
Q
  • what formed elements would u expect to find in the blood?
A

erythrocyte and leukocyte and platelets(thrombocytes)

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48
Q
  • tube collection draw in order:
A

blood cultures, NaCit, mint pst, lavender edta

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49
Q
  • when is it ok to let the patient leave?
A

after you’ve checked the collection site and taped it

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50
Q
  • what type of blood do phlebotomists typically collect?
A

venous blood

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51
Q
  • you collect one tube but the vein collapses, you miss the 2nd attempt, what do u do next?
A

ask another phlebotomist to try or try again with a syringe if it was only ur first attempt

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52
Q
  • what is in red plastic non additive tubes to aid platelet activation?
A

silica particles

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53
Q
  • how are arteries different from veins?
A

arteries have no valves

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54
Q
  • what specimen would be rejected by a MLA in accessioning?
A

a tube missing the patient PHN

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55
Q
  • a patient must give written consent to have blood collected from their foot?
A

FALSE, doctor has to give consent

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56
Q

hand and foot veins may be used for venipuncture collection?

A

true

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57
Q

what veins are best when poking from the hand

A

dorsal hand veins

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58
Q

what vein is best for foot pokes?

A

saphenous grin is the preferred site

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59
Q

don’t take blood from the foot if the patient has?

A

diabetes

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60
Q

in a grey top tube what is sodium fluoride

A

antiglycolytic, stops metabolism of glucose by blood cells

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61
Q

in a grey top tube what is the sodium oxalate

A

anticoagulant

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62
Q

random urine

A

collected for general screen of physical health

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63
Q

first morning

A

most concentrated

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64
Q

midstream urine

A

used for routine microbiology culture and sensitivity

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65
Q

24 hour or timed urine

A

total column of urine voided in a 24 hour period

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66
Q

pediactric urine

A

aka bagged

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67
Q

catheterized urine

A

inserted into bladder via urethra

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68
Q

suprapubic urine

A

invasive!!! can’t be recollected

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69
Q

blood alcohol test is ordered what cleaning products can be used on their arm before collection?

A

chlorhexidine gluconate

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70
Q

compliance with diet restrictions should be checked…

A

after identifying the patient

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71
Q

prior to collection the arm should be cleansed with…

A

70% isopropanol

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72
Q

a tourniquet is left on for 4 mins before collection, this prolonged application has caused venous stasis which leads to

A

decreased plasma volume

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73
Q

where should the tourniquet be placed

A

3-4 inches above puncture site

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74
Q

when using a winged infusion set for venipuncture and a coagulation test has been ordered, you need to

A

draw a NaCit discard tube first

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75
Q

during venipuncture, vigorous pumping of the hand

A

may result in erroneous potassium results

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76
Q

immediately following a needle stick exposure the phlebotomist needs to

A

rinse, report to supervisor and go to ER

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77
Q

an evacuated tube draws +- 10% of the stated volume on the label. if a 6 ml EDTA tube is collected, what is the range of volume of blood in the tube?

A

5.4-6.6mL

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78
Q

anticoagulants are

A

substances that prevent clotting

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79
Q

if you spin a PST tube for a chem test and the gel doesn’t migrate properly you should

A

quickly remove the plasma to another labeled tube

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80
Q

a heparin tube which contains a gel separator should sit for

A

15-30 mins at room temp for clotting

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81
Q

an order arrives for STAT bilirubin and CBC on a neonate in the NICU. what’s the correct order of draw

A

lavender and amber

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82
Q

evacuated tubes

A

withdraw a predetermined volume due to vacuum

83
Q

can tubes be spun immediately upon arrival to lab

A

yes

84
Q

how much volume is required in a tube according to CLSI

A

+- 10%

85
Q

what is the ratio of light blue tubes

A

9:1

86
Q

what is the ratio of light blue tubes

A

9:1

87
Q

the order of draw for micro collection is

A

bilirubin, EDTA, Plasma

88
Q

anticoagulant mode of action for NaCit is that it chelates calcium and therefore clot formation is inhibited T of F

A

true

89
Q

the anticoagulant mode of action for heparin is interference with thrombin formation T of F

A

true

90
Q

tubes containing heparin as an anticoagulant may also have either lithium or sodium in them T of F

A

true

91
Q

a phlebotomist needs to collect a CBC and INR and a potassium on an inpatient. identify the tubes by colour and in the correct order of draw

A

light blue, green, lavender

92
Q

which needle gauge indicates the smallest bore or lumen

A

22

tip: smaller gauge number, larger the lumen

93
Q

the part of the syringe that shows measurements in mL or cc is called the

A

barrel

94
Q

which additive can inhibit glucose metabolism in by red cells

A

sodium fluoride

95
Q

after centrifugation which tubes final fluid portion will be plasma

A

any tube with an anticoagulant in it will produce plasma as the fluid portion after spinning

96
Q

according to health canada, wearing gloves will protect the phlebotomist by reducing the column of blood from a needle stick injury by?

A

50%

97
Q

a patient indicates “implied consent” when they

A

extend their arm when asked to do so

98
Q

unidentified patients in the ER

A

may have blood draw ONLY if they have received a temporary identification band

99
Q

if the phlebotomist has a STAT collection on a patient and they are currently with their doctor, the phlebotomist should

A

say excuse me and ask permission to proceed with collection

100
Q

during the morning rounds the phlebotomist walks into patients room and they are sleeping. the phlebotomist needs to?

A

touch the side of the bed to gently wake the patient

101
Q

when the phlebotomist realizes their patient is unconscious, what is the proper procedure to follow?

A

request help during the collection in case of any sudden movements

102
Q

when collecting a good specimens from a small child, the approach that is NOT recommended is?

A

tell the child the procedure will not hurt

103
Q

plasma

A

fluid portion of whole blood including the coagulation factors

104
Q

serum

A

fluid portion of blood without coagulation factors, which were used up in making the clot

105
Q

ven/o or phleb/o

A

vein

106
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

107
Q

arteriol/o

A

arteriole

108
Q

vas/o or vascul/o

A

vessel or duct

109
Q

angi/o

A

vessel

110
Q

atri/o

A

atrium

111
Q

atri/o

A

atrium

112
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

113
Q

tourniquet on too tight

A

petechiae

114
Q

what angle should u enter the arm at

A

never enter >15 degrees of <30 degrees

115
Q

plasma separator tubes (PST) contain what

A

heparin anticoagulant and a gel separator

116
Q

serum separator tubes (SST) contain what

A

clot activator to activate coagulation also gel separator

117
Q

when having a PST tube do you have to wait for blood to clot?

A

no.

118
Q

EDTA, Heparins, Sodium Citrate, and Potassium oxalate are what

A

anticoagulants

119
Q

order of draw

A

blood cultures
nacit tubes
serum (SST) (red)
heparin (PST) (mint)
EDTA (lav)
fluoride (grey)

120
Q

Stop Buying Soup Goats Love Grass

A

S- sterile (blood cultures)
B- blue
S- serum
G- green
L- lavender
G- gray

121
Q

is the order of fill the same as order of draw?

A

yes

122
Q

timed means?

A

the scheduled or timed collection of an ordered specimen

123
Q

ischemia means

A

deficiency of blood to an area

124
Q

what’s allowed when fasting

A

water and prescription drugs

125
Q

hemolysis

A

damaged RBCs

126
Q

lipemic

A

appear cloudy, to much fat and lipids in blood

127
Q

icteric

A

contains high levels of bilirubin usually range in colour from dark yellow/green to bright yellow

128
Q

serum tubes need to be spun in centrifuge for how long?

A

10 mins at 1000-1300 RCF

129
Q

PST tubes need to be in the centrifuge for how long?

A

10 mins at 1000-1300 RCF

130
Q

NaCit tubes need to be spun in centrifuge for how long?

A

15 mins at 1500 RCF

131
Q

which artery is located near the basilica vein

A

brachial artery

132
Q

pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs via pulmonary arteries T or F

A

true

133
Q

the inner most layer of the heart is the

A

endocardium

134
Q

the node in the heart that is referred to as the pacemaker is the

A

sinotrial node

135
Q

plasma is the fluid of the blood that does NOT contain clotting factors T or F

A

false

136
Q

the chamber of the heart that has the thickest muscled wall is the ?

A

left ventricle

137
Q

approximately how much pericardial fluid is found in the pericardial cavity?

A

50 mL

138
Q

into what chamber does oxygenated blood enter the heart?

A

left atrium

139
Q

what area of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the hearts venous system?

A

coronary sinus

140
Q

all veins in the body carry deoxygenated blood except the?

A

pulmonary veins

141
Q

the reason the heart is a deep purple colour is bc

A

presence of myoglobin

142
Q

is a midwife legally allowed to request a lab test on a patients sample?

A

yes

143
Q

only a physician can fill out a req

A

false

144
Q

blood tube that is delivered to the hematology bench is

A

Whole EDTA

145
Q

reject all grossly hemolzed specimens, they are unsuitable for testing T or F

A

false

146
Q

most histology specimens arrive in the lab in what?

A

formalin

147
Q

a sample that arrives in the lab unlabeled is always rejected T or F

A

false

148
Q

a blood tube for an ammonia test requires?

A

to be spun immediately upon arrival in a refrigerated centrifuge

149
Q

first morning urine is the recommended sample for *** testing

A

cytology

150
Q

in the heart the base =

A

upper part

151
Q

in the heart the apex =

A

pointed end

152
Q

pericardium

A

helps protect from infection and trauma by a double walled outer sac

153
Q

outer layer of the pericardium is called

A

fibrous pericardium

154
Q

inner layer of the pericardium is the

A

serous pericardium

155
Q

serous pericardium consists of two layers:

A

parietal layer: lines inside of fibrous
visceral layer: covers outer surface of heart muscle

156
Q

the pericardial cavity or space divides the ** and ** pericardium

A

parietal and visceral

157
Q

what does serous pericardial fluid do

A

lubricates the surfaces of the pericardial space and allows the heart to move easily while it pumps

158
Q

what are the three tissue layers of the heart wall

A

endo, myo, and epicardium

159
Q

endocardium is

A

innermost layer

160
Q

myocardium is

A

thick middle layer that forms most of the heart wall

161
Q

epicardium is

A

outer layer, also called the visceral layer

162
Q

4 hollow chambers in the heart what are they

A

2 atria and 2 ventricles

163
Q

the upper chambers include and do what

A

right atrium and left atrium
these chambers RECEIVE blood

164
Q

the right atrium receives ** blood from the body

A

deoxygenated blood

165
Q

the left atrium receives *** blood from the lungs

A

freshly oxygenated blood

166
Q

the lower chambers include the

A

right and left ventricle
the thickest of the 4 chambers

167
Q

the ventricles job is to

A

PUMP blood

168
Q

the right ventricle pumps blood to the

A

lungs for oxygenation

169
Q

the left ventricle pumps blood to

A

the body

170
Q

the heart has 4 one way valves which include

A

2 atrioventricular valves and 2 semilunar valves

171
Q

what do the heart valves do

A

allow blood to flow through the heart chambers in ONE direction only

172
Q

AV valves separate

A

the atria from the ventricles

173
Q

the 2 important tissues associated with the atrioventricular valves are the

A

chordae tendineae and the papillary muscles

174
Q

chordae tendineae is

A

the connective tissue that serves as “strings” that are attached to the cusps of the AV valves

without these blood would re enter through atria when the ventricles are contracting

175
Q

papillary muscles are

A

cardiac muscle that extend into the ventricles and attach to the ends of the chordae tendineae

176
Q

SL valves

A

stop blood flowing back into ventricles from the aorta and pulmonary arteries

177
Q

2 phases of the cardiac cycle are

A

systole phase and diastole phase

178
Q

systole

A

contraction phase

179
Q

diastole

A

relaxation phase

180
Q

diastole

A

relaxation phase

181
Q

superior vena cava

A

returns blood from upper portion of the body

182
Q

inferior vena cava

A

returns blood from the lower portion of the body

183
Q

coronary sinus is

A

collection of veins that collect and return deoxygenated blood from the heart

184
Q

all arteries in the body carry ** blood except the **

A

oxygenated, pulmonary arteries

185
Q

all veins in the body carry ** blood except the **

A

deoxygenated, pulmonary veins

186
Q

the presence of myoglobin does what to the colour of the heart

A

deep purple colour

187
Q

plasma is the fluid portion of whole blood….

A

including coag factors

188
Q

serum is the fluid portion of blood…

A

without the coag factors
used up in making the clot

189
Q

depolarization comes before repolarization? true or false

A

TRUE

190
Q

SST contain a **** to activate ***

A

clot activator to activate coagulation

191
Q

PST contain ** and a ***

A

heparin anticoagulant and a gel separator

192
Q

advantage of collecting in a PST is that…

A

you don’t have to wait 30 mins for the specimen to clot before centrifugation

193
Q

tubes with gel separator must be spun within *** of collection

A

2 hours

194
Q

SBSGLG

A

sterile
blue
serum
green(mint)
lavender
gray (fluoride)

195
Q

capillary collections what tube is always first

A

EDTA

196
Q

petechiae

A

small red spots on skin surface caused by bleeding under the skin

197
Q

edema

A

interstitial fluid trapped in tissues resulting in a puffy appearance

198
Q

CVC

A

central venous catheter

199
Q

PICC

A

peripherally inserted central catheter

200
Q

implanted port

A

small chamber that is surgically inserted beneath the skin

201
Q

heparin lock

A

device inserted into a VAD to enable access for administration of medication and blood collection

202
Q

any tube with an anticoagulant in it will produce plasma as the fluid portion after spinning? t or f

A

TRUE

203
Q

which additive can inhibit glucose metabolism in by red cells?

A

sodium fluoride

MEDL 201 (3 decks)

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