Exam 1 Flashcards
a large expanse of territory comprised of multiple cultures ruled by one emperor, generally called
a monarch by the 1800s
empire
kings are the natural leaders by birthright (ancestry) and are answerable only to God (not the people)
divine right
the application of Western government, culture, religion, economics, language, etc., to nonWestern culture
westernization
the self-perception that one is part of a nation, defined as a community with its own language, traditions, customs and history that distinguish it from other nations; a sense of identity that often becomes the primary focus of one’s loyalty
nationalism
also known as the Manchu dynasty, it was the last dynasty of China
Qing
arge-scale revolt against the Qing dynasty demanding social reform; lasted from 1850–1864 and resulted in 20–30 million deaths
Taiping Rebellion
because there is a finite amount of wealth in the world, a country should export more than it imports, thereby accumulating bullion (gold)
economic theory of mercantilism
in economics, the belief that government should not intervene in economic affairs beyond the minimum necessary to keep the peace and protect property rights
laissez-faire
an economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and open competition in a free market where the goal is profit
economic capitalism
control of a territory based on how it’s geographic and political factors meet your political and military goals
geostrategic positioning
the top military commander of Japan prior to the Meiji era
shogun
military social class of Japan; became the Imperial Army Officer Class during the Meiji era
samurai
American philosophy and movement arguing that the United States had a responsibility to God to spread its ideals of liberty and government across the North American continent
Manifest Destiny
brief military conflict of 1898 that occurred in the Caribbean and the Pacific; the U.S. victory marked the end of the Spanish Empire and the U.S. acquisition of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines
Spanish-American War
pursuing foreign policy objectives by demonstrating and/or threatening to use overwhelming force; putting gunboats (warships) in the harbor of weaker powers was often enough to convince them to cooperate
gunboat diplomacy
when change occurs in an environment, those organisms best suited to the new circumstances will thrive and those that are not ideally suited will die out completely; over time, this could result in a species changing enough traits to eventually become a totally different creature
theory of natural selection
political philosophy that favors the preservation of tradition over rapid change
conservatism
the right to vote
suffrage
nineteenth- and twentieth-century movement in the Western world to outlaw slavery
abolitionism
eighteenth-century intellectual and philosophical movement in the West focused on the power of human reason
Enlightenment
the upper and middle class who owned businesses, land, homes, etc.
propertied classes
downward social mobility, whereby people move from self-employment to working for someone else; they join the proletariat class of wage workers
proletarianization
the exchange of goods or services for other goods or services without the use of money
barter economy
payment in the form of money to a worker in exchange for labor or services
wage economy
a group of people who self-identify as a community connected by language, tradition, etc.
nation
a territory with defined physical borders and a single recognized government that rules over the population
state
the people originally born and living in a particular area
indigenous populations
an agreement among the world’s major powers to respect the territorial integrity of China
Open Door Policy
a region within a country that is economically dominated by an outside power
spheres of interest
an 1887 agreement in which Russia and Germany both agreed to remain neutral should the other go war with a third party; did not apply if Germany attacked France or Russia
reinsurance treaty
1882 alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy promising defensive miliary support to one another
Triple Alliance
revolution and reform movement against the Romanov dynasty
Russian Revolution of 1905
weaker country under the partial military control of a superior power in the name of protecting them from others
protectorate
British battleship utilizing remarkably advanced technolgy
HMS Dreadnought
anti-government group in Serbia led by Serbian military officers; fostered nationalish revolutions in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia
Black Handd
unresolved situation in which it is impossible for either side to move forward (deadlock)
stalemate
a stalemated situation in which both sides are in fortified positions (ditches); sometimes viewed as a military tactiv or weapon to demoralize the enemy
trench warfare
when the government seizes ownership of privately owned assets
nationalized
local town council comprised of soldiers and workers
sovier
Bolshevik led riots against the provisional government in Petrograd
July Days
mass extermination of a national, racial, religious, or ethnic group
genocide
use of toxic chemicals to injure or kill enemies; in the Great Ware the chemical primarily used was tear gas, chlorine gas and mustard gas
chemical weapons
conflict that is unlimited in scope and in which each combatant uses every possible resource imaginable to completely destroy its enemies, including propaganda that demonizes the enemy to gain citizen support for the war
total war
peach conferences of 1899 and 1907 that outlined the rights and duties of belligerents during wartime
Hague Convention
