Exam 1 Objectives Flashcards

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1
Q

Phylogenetic tree?

A

a visual representation of the process of evolution to show the pattern of relationships between species (cladogram)

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2
Q

Taxa

A

group of organisms classified together

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3
Q

Node

A

point of split

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4
Q

character

A

a heritable trait that can be observed

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5
Q

clade

A

a group that includes common ancestors and all descendants

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6
Q

sister group

A

when taxa share a common ancestor

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7
Q

plesiomorphy

A

original trait; can be assumed (won’t actually say it on the tree)

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8
Q

apomorphy

A

derived traits from the original trait

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9
Q

synapomorphy

A

trait that multiple different taxa share

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10
Q

autoapomorphy

A

self changed trait that only 1 taxon has

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11
Q

symplesiomorphy

A

a shared plesiomorphy (more than one taxa don’t have a specific trait)

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12
Q

homologous traits

A

traits that are similar because it came from the same ancestory

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13
Q

analogous

A

traits that are similar but came about independently

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14
Q

parsimony

A

the simplest explanation of a phylogenetic tree

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15
Q

how can phylogenetics help in healthcare

A
  • determine the origin of epidemic
  • can track the speed of infection rate
  • maps evolution of new derived traits of microbes
  • help decide how to treat the infection
  • help stop the spread of the disease
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16
Q

evolution

A

a change in frequency distribution of alleles in a population from generation to the next

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17
Q

evolution by natural selection

A

the process where the organisms best suited for their environment survive and pass on their genetic traits

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18
Q

3 requirements for evolution by natural selection

A
  • must be variable
  • must be heritable
  • must be influenced by fitness
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19
Q

variability

A

organisms have different forms of the trait

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20
Q

heritability

A

passed from parents to offspring genetically

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21
Q

fitness

A

individuals with a certain form (allele) have more offspring than individuals with other forms

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22
Q

evolution by artificial selection

A

humans select the genetic difference, not nature

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23
Q

3 requirements for evolution by artificial selection

A
  • must be variable
  • must be heritable
  • must happen from differential reproduction
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24
Q

differential reproduction

A

humans selectively choose the breeding (ex: dogs, horses, fish, ect.)

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25
Q

evolution by genetic drift

A

change in traits due to random process

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26
Q

what is random process within evolution

A

it randomly happened, not because of natural selection

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27
Q

3 requirements for genetic drift

A
  • must be variable
  • must be heritable
  • no differential reproduction
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28
Q

can evolution happen if there is no heritability or variability?

A

no

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29
Q

what are the reactants of fermentation?

A

glucose (sugar)

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30
Q

what are the products of fermentation?

A

CO2 and ethanol

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31
Q

monosaccharide

A

1 sugar molecule
ex: fructose

32
Q

disaccharide

A

two sugar molecules
ex: maltose and sucrose

33
Q

traits of different strains of yeast in terms of artificial selection

A
  • results in different flavors
34
Q

explanatory variable

A

what you manipulate (independent variable)

35
Q

response variable

A

what you measure (dependent variable)

36
Q

treatment levels

A

how you treat each variable

37
Q

experimental unit

A

what gets 1 level of treatment applied to it

38
Q

replicates

A

applying the same treatment level to more than 1 experimental unit

39
Q

controls

A

a treatment level that serves as a basis of comparison

40
Q

randomization

A

formal process to randomly assign each treatment level

41
Q

confounding variables

A

anything that effects the response variable

42
Q

constants

A

experimental conditions that you keep the same throughout the study

43
Q

what does causation establish

A

the true cause of the response

44
Q

requirements for establishing causation

A
  • multiple treatment levels
  • replication
  • randomization
45
Q

what do multiple treatment levels give you basis for

A

comparison

46
Q

what does replication gaurd against

A

flukes

47
Q

randomization

A

guards against confounding variables

48
Q

correlation

A

if it lacks any of the 3 requirements, its a correlation between treatment and response

49
Q

formula for addition

A

=SUM()

50
Q

formula for subtraction

A

=DIFFERENCE(A1-A2)

51
Q

formula for multiplication

A

=PRODUCT()

52
Q

formula for division

A

=(A1)/(A2)

53
Q

formula for minimum

A

=MIN()

54
Q

formula for standard deviation

A

=STDEV()

55
Q

formula for sums

A

=SUM()

56
Q

formula for average

A

=AVERAGE()

57
Q

formula for median

A

=MEDIAN()

58
Q

formula for modes

A

=MODE()

59
Q

formula for maximum

A

=MAX()

60
Q

formula for standard error

A

=STDEV()/SQRT(COUNT())

61
Q

when is a bar chart appropriate for a data set

A
  • when the response variable (y-axis) is numerical
  • the explanatory variable (x-axis) is categorical
62
Q

parts of a scientific paper

A
  • title
  • introduction
  • experimental overview
  • results
  • tables and figures
  • discussion
  • references
63
Q

how to write a title for a scientific paper

A

explanatory variable, response variable, the organism and its scientific name properly formatted (Genus species), the direction of the effect (outcome [if clear])

64
Q

format for title page

A
  • title goes down 1/3 of the way
  • title does NOT have punctuation
  • size 12 Times New Roman
  • scientific name is italicized
  • name, department, and affiliation is single spaced at the bottom
65
Q

format for captioning a figure

A
  • the organism studied in the experiment (if applicable)
  • context for the result: the treatment applied or the relationship displayed
  • location (only if its a field experiment)
  • sample sizes
  • describe what the graph is, not means
  • do not interpret the graph
66
Q

mean

A

the average of the data (best used when there is no outliers [ex: 1, 2, 3, 4, 156])

67
Q

median

A

the center of the data (best used when there is an outlier/ when you need the actual center of the data)

68
Q

mode

A

the most occurring number (when you want to see the most common answer)

69
Q

measures of variation

A
  • range
  • standard deviation
70
Q

range

A

the range of data: take the highest number and subtract by the lowest number (formula in excel is =MAX()-MIN())

71
Q

standard deviation

A

average distance away from the mean

72
Q

central tendency

A

when you use mean, median, and mode to find a certain point within the data

73
Q

variance

A

the range of standard deviation

74
Q

how to describe a frequency histogram in terms of variance and central tendency

A

analyze the shape of distribution by looking at where the majority of data points cluster (central tendency) and how spread out the data is across the range of values (variance)

75
Q

standard error of the mean

A

tells you the precision with which you are estimating the true mean (population mean)

76
Q

census

A

data from the entire population

77
Q

sample

A

data from the selected group of the population (not the whole population)