Exam 1 Objectives Flashcards
Phylogenetic tree?
a visual representation of the process of evolution to show the pattern of relationships between species (cladogram)
Taxa
group of organisms classified together
Node
point of split
character
a heritable trait that can be observed
clade
a group that includes common ancestors and all descendants
sister group
when taxa share a common ancestor
plesiomorphy
original trait; can be assumed (won’t actually say it on the tree)
apomorphy
derived traits from the original trait
synapomorphy
trait that multiple different taxa share
autoapomorphy
self changed trait that only 1 taxon has
symplesiomorphy
a shared plesiomorphy (more than one taxa don’t have a specific trait)
homologous traits
traits that are similar because it came from the same ancestory
analogous
traits that are similar but came about independently
parsimony
the simplest explanation of a phylogenetic tree
how can phylogenetics help in healthcare
- determine the origin of epidemic
- can track the speed of infection rate
- maps evolution of new derived traits of microbes
- help decide how to treat the infection
- help stop the spread of the disease
evolution
a change in frequency distribution of alleles in a population from generation to the next
evolution by natural selection
the process where the organisms best suited for their environment survive and pass on their genetic traits
3 requirements for evolution by natural selection
- must be variable
- must be heritable
- must be influenced by fitness
variability
organisms have different forms of the trait
heritability
passed from parents to offspring genetically
fitness
individuals with a certain form (allele) have more offspring than individuals with other forms
evolution by artificial selection
humans select the genetic difference, not nature
3 requirements for evolution by artificial selection
- must be variable
- must be heritable
- must happen from differential reproduction
differential reproduction
humans selectively choose the breeding (ex: dogs, horses, fish, ect.)
evolution by genetic drift
change in traits due to random process
what is random process within evolution
it randomly happened, not because of natural selection
3 requirements for genetic drift
- must be variable
- must be heritable
- no differential reproduction
can evolution happen if there is no heritability or variability?
no
what are the reactants of fermentation?
glucose (sugar)
what are the products of fermentation?
CO2 and ethanol