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Forensic Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Forensic Science

A

The application of scientific principles/techniques to a legal investigation

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2
Q

Identifying Specimens based on what?

A

Class characteristics

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3
Q

Collected Samples @ a crime scene

A

Unknown, Questioned, and Known

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4
Q

Ways comparison can be done?

A

Searching a database or taking a known sample

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5
Q

Class characteristics

A

Blood, Saliva, Fiber

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6
Q

Important technique to be accepted into forensic field

A

Accepted by scientists in the field, and technique is admissible in court

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7
Q

Legal Acceptance (United States)

A

Frye or Daubert

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8
Q

Kansas Legal Acceptance

A

Adopted Daubert in 2014

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9
Q

Validation 3 R’s

A

(R)eliable
(R)obust
(R)epeatable

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10
Q

Scientific Acceptance

A

1.Been Validated
2. Method accepted in the field?
3. Standards in the field? (Negative and Positive controls)

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11
Q

Securing the scene

A

Perimeter
Permitted Authorization
Log of who has been in and out of the crime scene

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12
Q

PPE

A

Protect investigators from bodily fluids and prevent contamination of evidence

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13
Q

Types of connections

A

Victim-to-perpetrator
victim-to-scene
perpetrator-to-scene

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14
Q

Victim-to-perpetrator

A

Victims blood on a suspects clothes

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15
Q

Victim-to-scene

A

Fiber from sheet found in victim in dumpster

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16
Q

Perpetrator-to-scene

A

Mud on shoes from riverbanks where dead body is found

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17
Q

Locard Exchange Principle

A

Cross-transfer of evidence occurs when a perpetrator has any physical contact w/ another person or object

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18
Q

Modus Operandi

A

Set of characteristics consistent w/ multiple crimes committed by the same person.
Helps establish a case-to-case linkage

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19
Q

Outdoor scenes

A

Grid or line patterns of searching

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20
Q

Indoor Scene

A

benefit from climate control.
More places for things to be hidden

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21
Q

Search for Biological Evidence

A

Alternative Light Source (ALS)
Chemiluminescent enhancement reagents

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22
Q

Luminol

A

Enhances blood

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23
Q

Biological Specimens

A

Bleach and plant peroxidases

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24
Q

Crime Scene Photography

A

Make sure proper setting are used
Need to have reference items for size
3 types of pictures: Overall, Midrange, and Close-up

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25
Q

Collecting Evidence

A

Documented
Smaller items= crime lab
Larger items=document
Way evidence is packaged depends on its physical properties

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26
Q

Bloodstain Patterns

A

Needs to thoroughly document pattern of strain
Could play a role in reconstruction

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27
Q

Trace Evidence

A

Hair and Fiber

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28
Q

Wet Evidence

A

Needs to be air-dried prior to collection
Failure to do so could result in growing bacteria

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29
Q

Control Samples

A

Sample from an unstained area near the stain should be used as a control

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30
Q

Evidence Marking

A

Clearly Identifiable
accomplished by being initiated, dated, and itemized
When opened, it should be in a different spot and dated/initialed

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31
Q

Collecting Blood

A

Wet- Swab, FTA paper
Dry- Swab, cutting, scraping, and lifting

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32
Q

Additional Sources of Biological Evidence

A

Victim
Relatives
Others in the area

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33
Q

Crime Scene Reconstruction

A

Looks at the morphology, sequence, and distribution of bloodstains
May reveal sequence of events, location, intensity and more

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34
Q

Basics of Blood

A

8% of body weight
Cellular- blood cells and platelets
Liquid- Plasma

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35
Q

Bloodstain formation

A

Size, number, and intensity of the bloodstream can vary
Viscosity, surface tension, cohesive force, and gravity

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36
Q

How does a bloodstain form

A

As the volume of blood increases, the drop stretches down

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37
Q

How does surface alter bloodstain pattern

A

Texture of the surface alters the appearance of the drop

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38
Q

Documentation of bloodstain

A

Sketches, photos, and videos
Photo Parallel to surface to avoid distortion

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39
Q

Spatter stain analysis

A

Velocity and directionality influence the pattern of bloodstains
Can be used to determine area of origin

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40
Q

SWGSTAIN definition

A

A bloodstain resulting from a blood drop dispersed though the air due to an external force applied to a source of liquid blood

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41
Q

Blood Stain size

A

Droplet size=force that is applied
force increases=surface tension reduces=smaller droplet

42
Q

Low impact drop

A

> 4 mm in diameter
dripping from a wound

43
Q

Detection of Blood stain

A

if deposited at an angle between 0-90 degrees you can calculate the direction of the blood @ the time of depositing

43
Q

Medium Impact drop

A

1-4 mm in diameter
beating/stabbing

43
Q

High Impact drop

A

<1 mm in diameter
gunshot

44
Q

Parent Stain

A

spatter stain is an elongated ellipse

45
Q

Satellite Stain

A

Smaller blood stains near the parent stain

46
Q

Spine

A

portion of the blood stain that is the pointed edge away from the parent stain
Points towards the direction of travel for the blood stains

47
Q

90 degree blood stain

A

circle

48
Q

50 degree blood stain

A

circular but has satellite stains

49
Q

20 degree blood stain

A

has a small spine

50
Q

10 degree blood stain

A

dripping blood stain with a spine

51
Q

Formula for determining the angle of impact

A

sin a(= (w/l)

52
Q

Types of bloodstain patterns

A

passive, transfer, and projected

53
Q

Passive Bloodstains

A

Formed by bleeding
a drip stain
drip trail
pod patterns

54
Q

Transfer bloodstains

A

resulting from contact between a blood-bearing surface and another surface
Swipe or wipe
can tell size, shape, and pattern

55
Q

Projected Bloodstains

A

Resulting from the transfer of blood from a blood bearing surface onto another surface
Impact and arterial
result of a weapon use in the assault/homicide

56
Q

Biological sample why it varies

A

the type of crime
amount of time between the crime and discovery of evidence
the location of the crime

57
Q

Biological evidence

A

bodily fluids and tissues

58
Q

Baseball Bat

A

Handle
Skin cells, sweat, blood, tissue

59
Q

Bite mark

A

Skin surface
Saliva

60
Q

Sources of DNA profiling

A

Blood- 86.1
Semen-92.1
Saliva- 37.2
Cigarette Butts- 73.5
Chewing gum- 71.2
Hair- 18.1
Transferred- 12.4

61
Q

Bases of DNA

A

A,T,C,G

62
Q

In forensics terms, DNA means

A

Nuclear DNA

63
Q

Cell Types

A

Sex Cells- Sperm and Oocytes
Somatic Cells- Other types

64
Q

Sex Cells

A

Gametes- Spermatozoa and Ova
each gamete is a haploid: single set of chromosomes; 22 autosomes

65
Q

Somatic Cells

A

Most other cells (non-sex) in the body
These are diploid cells 46 chromosomes

66
Q

Cells without nuclei

A

Nulliploid: red blood cells and platelets

67
Q

Cells with more than 2 chromosomes

A

polyploid: regenerating cells of the liver

68
Q

Blood consists of

A

plasma, red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets

69
Q

Transcellular Fluids

A

Saliva, seminal fluids, and vaginal secretions
found in extracellular fluid
Ex- Buccal cells in saliva

70
Q

Extracellular Nucleic Acids

A

Non-compartmentalized fluids like plasma

71
Q

Skin evidence

A

Fingerprints and Shed skin

72
Q

Latent Fingerprints

A

Arch, Loop, and Whorl

73
Q

Skin biology

A

consists of different layers (distal to proximal)

74
Q

Epidermis

A

outer layer of skin; contains melanin

75
Q

Dermis

A

Middle layer of skin; contains hair follicles, sweat glands, blood, lymph vessels, and nerves

76
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

Deepest layer; contains collagen networks and adipose tissue

77
Q

Epidermal layers

A

Basal, spinous, granular, and cornified

78
Q

Hair characteristics

A

Color, species, identification, and type

79
Q

Hair shaft

A

keratinized cylindrical structure

80
Q

Medulla

A

Center

81
Q

Cortex

A

Middle Section; contains pigment

82
Q

Cuticle

A

Outer layer; overlapping cells that protect the cortex and medulla

83
Q

Keratin

A

Fibrous structure protein
Used to protect epithelial cells from damage
Shell of a turtle
claws of reptiles

84
Q

Hair growth phases

A

Anagen, Catagen, and Telogen

85
Q

Anagen Phase

A

hair growth occurs

86
Q

Catagen Phase

A

begins when cell death occurs

87
Q

Telogen phase

A

stage of rest

88
Q

hair for DNA analysis

A

root needs to be present

89
Q

Bone anatomy

A

206 bones in adult

90
Q

Long shaft bone 3 parts

A

Outer layer of cortical (compact) bone: solid and strong
Marrow Cavity: Formed inside the bone; filled with bone marrow
Epiphysis: ends of bone; made up of spongy bone

91
Q

Bones contain cells inside of an _____

A

Extra cellular matrix

92
Q

Protects the fibrous proteins (organic)

A

a hard matrix (inorganic)

93
Q

Inorganic matrix consists of

A

calcium and phosphate

94
Q

Organic Matrix consists of

A

collagens (insoluble fibrous proteins)

95
Q

Developing bones contain

A

osteoprogenitor cells; produce osteoblasts and osteoclasts

96
Q

Osteoblasts

A

regulate calcifications of the bone matrix

97
Q

Osteoclasts

A

dissolve and recycle the bone matrix; contains lots of nuclei

98
Q

Anatomy of teeth

A

Organic and inorganic matrix

99
Q

Teeth for DNA analysis

A

Use the root portion of the tooth

Forensic Biology (3 decks)

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