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Plant Physiology > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

autotroph

A

Plants are autotrophs –> organisms that can convert abiotic sources of energy into energy stored in organic compounds, which can be used by other organisms

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2
Q

sessile

A

plants are sessile –> fixed in one place
substitute for mobility with indeterminate growth –> they will continue adding new organs (leaves, stems, roots) as long as they have access to the necessary resources

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3
Q

plant support

A

plants are supported against gravity by structural reinforcement –> cell walls and lignin

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4
Q

plant characteristics

A

autotrophs, sessile but indeterminant growth, have structural reinforcement, have mechanisms to reduce and control evaporative water loss and to move water, nutrients, and photosynthates throughout the plant

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5
Q

QUIZ 1 Q: name the growth habit in plants that substitutes for motility

A

indeterminant growth

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6
Q

innovations in plants

A

green algal ancestor at base –> add waxy cuticle and gametangia (mosses, liver worts, hornworts) –> add vascular tissue (whisk ferns, club mosses, horsetails, ferns) –> add seeds (gymnosperms) –> add fruit (angiosperms)

vascular tissue: comprised of the xylem and the phloem: main transport systems of plants. traversing roots, stems, and leaves

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7
Q

QUIZ 1 Q: what is the defining anatomical innovation for angiosperms?

A

fruit

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8
Q

angiosperms have two categories

A

monocots
- one cotyledon
- pollen grains have one pore or furrow
- flowers have 3 floral parts (or multiples thereof)
- leaves are narrow, with parallel veins
- vascular bundles small and spread throughout stem
- fibrous roots

eudicots
- two cotyledons
- pollen grains have 3 pores or furrows
- flowers have four or five floral parts (or multiples thereof)
- leaves are oval or palmate with net like veins
- vascular bundles arranged in a ring around stem
- tap roots

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9
Q

cotyledon

A

seed leaf within the embryo of a seed, helps supply nutrients a plant embryo needs to germinate

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10
Q

monocots

A
  • one cotyledon
  • pollen grains have one pore or furrow
  • flowers have 3 floral parts (or multiples thereof)
  • leaves are narrow, with parallel veins
  • vascular bundles small and spread throughout stem
  • fibrous roots
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11
Q

eudicots

A

two cotyledons
- pollen grains have 3 pores or furrows
- flowers have four or five floral parts (or multiples thereof)
- leaves are oval or palmate with net like veins
- vascular bundles arranged in a ring around stem
- tap roots

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12
Q

plant organs

A

3; roots, stems, leaves

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13
Q

meristem

A

meristems are centers of cell division and growth. plants contain embryonic tissue throughout their lives (indeterminant growth)

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14
Q

QUIZ 1 Q: which meristem is responsible for the formation of axillary buds?

A

shoot apical meristem

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15
Q

primary plant meristems

A

root + shoot
- meristems that are initiated at opposite poles of the plant embryo
- contain stem cells, which remain undifferentiated and supply new cells for growth and the formation of tissues
- they produce 3 types of primary meristems
1. protoderm –> epidermis; surrounds plant
2. ground meristem –> ground tissue; generalized functions: photosynthesis, storage, support
3. procambium –> vascular tissue, functions in transport

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16
Q

secondary plant meristems

A

increases plant girth
1. vascular cambium –> arises from the procambium and pericycle in roots. in stems, from procambium cells of the vascular bundles and parenchyma cells –> gives rise to secondary phloem and secondary xylem
2. cork cambium –> arise from the pericycle in roots and parenchyma cells in stem –> produces periderm, secondary dermal tissue and a component of bark

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17
Q

dermal tissue – overview

A

dermal tissue refers to the plant epidermis, the outer layer of tissue that surrounds the primary body of vascular plants. Includes the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds. the dermal layer does not contain chloroplasts and is typically composed of a single layer of tightly packed cells. Helps deter excess water loss and invasion by insects and microorganisms + works in transpiration and gas exchange

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18
Q

dermal tissue – cells

A

parenchyma cells, stomatal guard cells, trichomes (glandular/non glandular), bulliform (hinge) cells, root hairs

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19
Q

ground tissue – overview

A

not dermal or vascular, these cells store molecules (commonly starch), photosynthesize, or support the plant

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20
Q

ground tissue – cells

A

parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, sclerenchyma cells

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21
Q

parenchyma cells

A

spherical, elongates cells with a thin primary wall. main component of young plant organs. main functions = photosynthesis + storage. totipotent so important in regeneration. can dedifferentiate and redifferentiate

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22
Q

collenchyma cells

A

living supportive tissue that has elongated cells and unevenly thickened cell wall. main function is the mechanical support of young stems and leaves via turgor (allows for cellular expansion)

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23
Q

sclerenchyma cells

A

dead supportive tissue that consists of long sclerenchyma fibers or sclereids. fibers occur in groups (bundles). secondary wall is rich in lignin. main function is support of older plant organs (make fruit inedible b4 ripeness). w/o sclerenchyma (+ if not watered), leaves will droop bc vacuoles will decrease in size. cell expansion not possible (lignin ?)

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24
Q

plant v animal cells

A

eukaryotic and similar to animal cells but with important differences in genome, plastids, micro bodies, vacuoles, and cell wall

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25
Q

plant cell genome

A

large, variable (polyploidy – 2n, 3n, 4n, etc), nucleus appearance differs –> large central vacuole makes nucleus “squished”/ may not be right in the center of the cell

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26
Q

plant cell plastids

A

-“plastikos” means molded, interconvertible (can change into others unless too far down specialization, double membrane bound
- to figure out function look @ pigments, storage and internal membrane —> look at figure in notes

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27
Q

plastid – pro plastid

A

no internal membrane, pigment, storage
minute cytoplasmic body from which a plastid is formed !!

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28
Q

plastid – etioplast

A

prolamellar body as internal membrane, no pigment, no storage
intermediate type of plastid that develop from proplastids and have no even exposed to light yet. can covert to chloroplasts

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29
Q

plastid – chloroplast

A

thylakoids (grana) as internal membrane, pigment is chlorophyll, storage is pigment

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30
Q

plastid – chromoplast

A

internal membrane, pigment is carotenoids (act in leaves in fall when chlorophyll breaks down), storage is pigment

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31
Q

plastid – leucoplasts

A

subtypes
1. amyplasts store starch
2. proteinoplasts store protein
3. elaioplasts store lipids

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32
Q

amyplasts

A

store starch

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33
Q

proteinoplasts

A

store protein

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34
Q

elaioplasts

A

one of the forms of leucoplasts
specialize in oil synthesis + store lipids

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35
Q

plant cell microbodies

A

single membrane bound – original off the ER, different metabolic functions (enzymes)
subtypes: peroxisome, glyoxysome, oleosome

36
Q

microbody - peroxisome

A

oxidation of organic substrates, catalase - crystal, photorespiration (btwn 3 different organelles - chloroplast, mitochondrion, peroxisome)

37
Q

microbody - glyoxysome

A

oxidation of fatty acids, metabolism of glycolate

38
Q

microbody - oloesome

A

stores fatty acids, oil bodies are bounded by a half unit membrane ( a single phospholipid layer), derived from smooth endoplasmic reticulum, NOT truly a microbody – storage by not many enzymes

39
Q

plant cell vacuoles

A

large, single membrane (tonoplast) bound filled with water and solutes (enzymes, nitrogen compounds, sugars, anthocyanines (subgroup of phenolics, red coloration), tannins (anti-herbivory), potassium)
- lytic comportment (like a lysome in animal cells)

40
Q

QUIZ 1 Q: explain statement – “plastids in nectaries can be responsible for floral scents”

A

synthesize essential oils

41
Q

QUIZ 1 Q: the bark of trees consists of all tissue outside of the…

A

vascular cambium

42
Q

QUIZ 1 Q: all xylem elements in angiosperms are perforate

A

false

43
Q

QUIZ 1 Q: the evolutionary innovation suggested to have coincided with plants becoming terrestrial (and thus an important adaptation to terrestrial environment is…

A

lignification

44
Q

QUIZ 1 Q: name the micro body closely associated with chloroplast metabolism + found near chloroplasts in plant cells

A

peroxisome

45
Q

QUIZ 1 Q: in plants that have leaves floating on the surface of water, most stomata would be expected to occur on the upper surface which is also referred to as the … surface

A

adaxial

46
Q

QUIZ 1 Q: collenchyma is typically found in which of the following tissue types?

A

ground tissue

47
Q

cell wall functions

A
  1. structure/shape/turgor
  2. strength/protection
  3. metabolic function – some proteins may be enzymes “in muro”
  4. (CH2O)n storage
  5. recognition/signaling
  6. permeability control
48
Q

cell wall layers

A

outside –> inside
1. middle lamella
2. primary wall
3. secondary wall
4. plasma membrane

walls consist of (cellulose) microfibrils in a matrix (hemicellulose, pectin, proteins, starch)

49
Q

cell wall - middle lamella

A

furthest from cytoplasm; functions as a cementing layer/acts like glue btwn primary walls of adjacent cells
- rich in pectin (functions in cell adhesion)

50
Q

cell wall - primary wall

A

2nd furthest from cytoplasm, cellulose containing layer, allows for expansion and is first line of defense/ shape

51
Q

cell wall - secondary wall

A

2nd closest to cytoplasm,, not in every plant cell, added for extra rigidifying layer and mechanical support
- sublamelli (i think name is wrong lol) + lignin important for strength

52
Q

cell wall - plasma membrane

A

closest to the cytoplasm, important for transport and sensing

53
Q

cell wall - microfibrils

A

made of cellulose –> polymer of glucose ( beta 1,4 glucose )
- intermolecular H bonding hold many parallel strands together to create microfibrils
- provided strength to the cell wall and adds rigidity; maintain shape through turgor pressure, resists infection

54
Q

cell wall - cellulose v starch

A

molecular structure looks similar –> starch have OH groups in identical orientation while cellulose has rotating
- starch: alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds with INTRAmolecular H bonding, allows starch to fold up on itself
- insoluble; functions as an energy store

55
Q

cell wall - polysaccharides + proteins

A

in the matrix: hemicellulose, pectin, extensin

56
Q

cell wall - hemicellulose

A

contains sugar branches that act as an interface with the microfibrils and aids in holding everything in the matrix together (with the branches)

57
Q

cell wall - pectin

A

polygalacturonic acid
- 4 different types of branching: sticks together ‘gel’, acid helps iron bind –> calcium bridges

58
Q

cell wall - extensin

A

a wall protein
- hydroxyproline rich (amino acid) , structural support

59
Q

cell wall chemical modification – lignin

A

for strengthening–> strong, tough, decreases permeability, infiltrates spaces in sites, polymerization of aromatic alcohols
found in and between the cell walls of plants, hydrophobic properties, and promotes mineral transport through vascular bundles in plants

60
Q

cell wall chemical modification – cutin + suberin

A

“water proofing”
- cutin works on outer epidermal wall and suberin works on inner wall

cutin: seal cuticle of the epidermis , prevents against uncontrolled water loss
suberin: in periderm of barks and underground organs
- casparian strips found in the roots of all higher plants. hydrophobic cell wall. occur in the endodermis- surrounds the central vascular strand of roots. EXODERMIS –> alters what can enter steele, apoplastic barrier,

61
Q

cell wall - primary v secondary

A

primary characteristics secondary

less cellulose more
smaller microfibrils larger
more pectin less
less extensin more (sclenchyma)
no lignification yes

62
Q

cell wall formation – cytokinesis

A

cell plate formation (middle lamella)
- golgi vesicles containing pectin substances fuse
- final stage of cell division
- contractile ring composed of actin filaments
forms inside plasma membrane –> pull to create cleavage until in two (almost). new cell wall must develop. golgi vesicles (full of pectin) line at dividing cell equator and fuse + coalesce to create the cell plate. elongates until it fuses with the cell walls at the periphery of the cell. ER trapped between the fusions

63
Q

cell wall formation – addition of matrix material

A

matrix materials come from the golgi body
- vesicle from rough ER –> golgi body –> collects matrix polysaccharides –> plasma membrane and cell wall

add more

64
Q

cell wall formation – formation of microfibrils

A

cellulose chains assemble spontaneously into microfibrils that form on the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane
- cellulose microfibrils formed at plasmalemma in cellulose synthase (CesA) complexes - rosettes

add more

65
Q

organization of microfibrils

A
  • cellulose synthase moves relative to wall
  • microtubules influence movement of cellulose synthase and hence the orientation of microfibrils

add more

66
Q

plasmadesmata

A

surrounding of plasma membrane with desmotubule, spikes + connections all the way through – filamentous protein from tubules to edges

  • what can go through? dyes used to see if there’s open passage –> dyes of diff molecular weight to show size exclusion limit of 700 to 2000 daltons (can change - suggestion that actin and myosin can facilitate a change)
    -ions can go through, electrical impulses, small proteins, small molecules, viruses (AT size exclusion limit – needs to be pulled through)
  • closed by allows
67
Q

water molecule

A

polar molecule with a net negative charge on the oxygen side and net positive charge on the hydrogen side
- attraction of bonding electrons to the O creates local partial charges

68
Q

properties of water

A

liquid @ room temp, constant volume, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, high cohesive/ high adhesion force, colorless, strong solvent

69
Q

liquid @ room temp

A

not usual for molecule this size – usually gas

70
Q

constant volume

A

NOT compressible –> important for cell turgor (cytoplasm pushing against wall)

71
Q

high specific heat

A

water buffers temp changes –> due to H bonding which absorbs some of the heat
- important in aquatic environments/ coastal. day-night temps
- succulence (high H2O content), why cacti can survive in deserts

72
Q

high heat of vaporization

A

water resists evaporation due to H bonding
- evaporation cools, for plants: transpiration which is loss of water vapor to cool leaves down

73
Q

high cohesive force/ high adhesion force

A

both due to the H bonding
- cohesive is between water molecules (surface tension – “skin”) and adhesive is between water and a surface (capillarity: movement of water within narrow capillary tube or within the cell wall)
- tensile strength: ability to resist a pulling force

74
Q

colorless

A

allows light to penetrate through leaves an in aquatic environments

75
Q

strong solvent

A

forms “cage” around solutes

76
Q

water movement – bulk (or mass) flow

A

pressure difference (high to low) – mechanism to generate pressure gradient
- h2o crossing a plant cell membrane

77
Q

water movement – diffusion

A

h2o crossing a plant cell membrane
- movement of molecules due to random thermal agitation from an area of high free energy (concentration) to an area of low free energy (lower concentration)
- movement stops when dynamic equilibrium is achieved

osmosis: diffusion of a solvent across a membrane
dialysis: diffusion of a solute across a membrane

78
Q

predicting flow: water potential

A
  • water moves down a water potential gradient, from higher to lower potential
  • quantify description of the free energy status of water
  • derived from 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics (2nd: the total entropy of an isolated thermodynamic system tends to increase over time, approaching a max value or equilibrium)
  • approximately the chemical potential of water
  • chemical potential of water in a system, expressed in unit of pressure and compared to the chemical potential of pure water under atmospheric pressure and at the same temperature; the chemical potential of pure water is arbitrarily set at zero
79
Q

gibbs free energy

A

also derived from 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics
- combines the enthalpy and entropy of a system G=H-TS
G= gibbs free energy
H= enthalpy
T= temp in kelvin
S= entropy
- free energy change is a measure of the spontaneity of a process and of the useful energy available from it
- G < 0 = spontaneous process
- G = 0 = process at equilibrium
- G > 0 = non spontaneous

80
Q

chemical potential

A
  • free energy per unit quantity of substance
  • a large volume of water has more free energy than a smaller one under otherwise identical conditions
  • thus it is convenient to consider the free energy of a substance in relation to some unit quantity of the substance
81
Q

components of water potential

A

Yw = Ys + Yp + Yg

s= solute
p=pressure
g= gravity – will be ignoring, only important in very very tall trees

82
Q

solute potential

A

colligative property: dependent on #, NOT type of particles though dissociation of salts produce more particles

Ys of 0.1 M sucrose = -0.26 MPa
Ys of 0.1 M NaCl = -0.52 MPa

more interaction of h2o molecules w solutes decreases freedom to move, takes up space against membrane and decreases water potential

83
Q

pressure potential

A

apply positive pressure to plunger increase the freedom of h2o to move, think of syringe full of water and it shooting out when pressure is applied –> Y increases and is positive

apply -VE pressure, decrease the freedom of water movement, Y decreases and is negative –> think of suction

Yl > 0 Yr=0 —–> movement to the right

Yl < 0 Yr=0 <—– movement to the left

84
Q

turgor potential

A

special case of Yp
- increased Yt = increased likelihood of water to move out
- increase in Y of a cell due to the inward +VE pressure of the plant cell wall is Yt
- always positive or 0

plasma membrane pressing hard against the cell wall (outward expansion pressure) and inward counter pressure from cell wall

85
Q

isotonic

A

solution has the same Y as the cell. no net movement in/out of the cell

86
Q

hypotonic

A

solution has a higher potential than the cell so there is net movement in to the cell
- as water enter the cell, Ycell increases due to dilution of solute
- cell has water requirement, cell swells, turgor potential increases
- increases until Ycell = Ysolution to reach equilibrium, no more net movement

87
Q

hypertonic

A

Ysolution is less than Ycell, net movement out of the cell
- cell shrinks and plasma membrane moves from cell wall (less interaction) and turgor decreases
- as water moves out, Ys decreases, Y turgor decreases until theoretical equilibrium (not always since solution doesn’t have finite volume to make water go back into cell) –> if no equilibrium = plasmalyzed

plasmalyzed= cytoplasm no longer pushing against cell wall; incipient plasmolysis –> no more turgor. full plasmolysis is not common in nature

Plant Physiology (1 decks)

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