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Forensic Anthro > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropology (def)

A

The study of humans/ancestors, primates, and biocultures

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2
Q

Artifacts (def)

A

An object made by humans

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3
Q

Accreditation vs. Certification

A

Accreditation: the review of a practice to make sure it’s up to standard

Certification: Credentials to verify someone’s competence for a job

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4
Q

Sociocultural Anthro

A

The study of human culture

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5
Q

Linguistic Anthro

A

The study of languages

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6
Q

Archaeology

A

The study of past human cultures through the analysis of physical remains

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7
Q

Biological/Physical Anthro (def/ 6 types)

A

The study of the biology of humans

1) Human osteology: study of bones
2) Primatology: Study of primates
3) Skeletal Biology: The study of human skeletons (organ, tissue level)
4) Paleontology: The study of human records
5) Pathology: Study of disease and how it spreads
6) Forensic Anthropology: Identification of unknown human remains (legal context)

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8
Q

Objectives of Forensic Anthropology (4)

A
  • Makes biological profiles
  • Investigates manner of death
  • Assist in investigations
  • Testify in court
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9
Q

Thomas Dwight

A

(1843-1911)
“Father of American Forensic Anthropology”

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10
Q

Wilton Marion Krogman

A

(1903-1987)
- First “true” Forensic Anthropologist
- Made the FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Guide

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11
Q

T. Dale Stewart

A

(1901-1997)
- Help to figure out the age of skeletons

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12
Q

Organizations and Standards

A
  • SDO
  • SWGANTH
  • ASB
  • OSAC
  • JPAC/CIL/DPAA
  • DMORT
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13
Q

Legal Context for FA
-Frye
-FRE
-Daubert

A
  • Frye: “General acceptance”, used to determine if evidence can be used in court
  • FRE: allows admission of facts to help a case
  • Daubert: scientific conclusions based on the scientific method
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14
Q

Careers in FA

A
  • Medical Examiner: forensic pathologist
  • Coroners: appointed officials
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15
Q

Collagen

A

Structural Support - organic

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16
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

Supports bone growth

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17
Q

Osteoblasts

A

form new bone

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18
Q

Osteoid

A

forms before bone tissues emerge

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19
Q

Osteocytes

A

regulates the formation of new/mature bone

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20
Q

osteoclasts

A

removes old bone

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21
Q

periosteum

A

connective tissue
(bone skin)

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22
Q

Compact (cortical) bone

A

bone tissue that makes up the outer layer

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23
Q

Trabecular (cancellous) bone

A

spongey bone tissue

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24
Q

Diploe

A

spongey bone that separates the inner/outer layer of the cortical

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25
Q

Osteon (Haversian System)

A

basic building blocks of the bone - supply blood to bone

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26
Q

Osteogenesis

A

Process of bone formation

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27
Q

Woven Bone

A

rapid repair of the bone

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28
Q

Lamellar Bone

A

makes the woven bone stronger

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29
Q

Primary Ossification

A

the first area of the bone to form

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30
Q

Secondary Ossification

A

appears after the primary ossification started

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31
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

Transforms mesenchymal tissue into bone tissue

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32
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Transforms cartilage into bone

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33
Q

Diaphysis

A

the shaft of a bone

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34
Q

Epiphysis

A

the end part of a bone (pineal)

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35
Q

Metaphysis

A

neck portion of a bone

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36
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

Bones will adapt to the degree of mechanical loading

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37
Q

Standard Anatomical Position

A
  • Anterior: front
  • Posterior: back
  • Superior: directed upwards
  • Inferior: head or lower
  • Proximal: center
  • Distal: located away from an area
  • Dorsal: Upper side
  • Medial: Middle/center
  • Lateral: side of middle
  • Endocranial: interior of skull
  • Ectocranial: exterior of skull
  • Articulate: where 2 bones meet
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38
Q

Bipedalism

A

ability to walk on 2 legs

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39
Q

Quadrupedalism

A

ability to walk on 4+ legs

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40
Q

Parts of the Cranium

A
  • Neurocranium: upper/back of the skull
  • Splanchnocranium: front portion of the skull
  • Frontal: forehead section of the skull
  • Parietals: Side/roof of the skull
  • Occipital: back of the skull
  • Temporals: side of the skull (ears)
  • Maxilla: upper jaw
  • Zygomatic: upper side of the face (cheekbones)
  • Mandible: lower jaw
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41
Q

Sinuses

A
  • Frontal
  • Maxilla
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42
Q

External Occipital Protuberance

A

bony bump in the back of the skull

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43
Q

Mastoid Process

A

helps to drain fluid from middle ear

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44
Q

Sutures

A
  • Coronal: separates frontal and parietals
  • Sagittal: separates the parietals into two
  • Lambdoidal: separates the parietals and occipital
  • Squamosal: separates the temporal from others
  • Metopic: commonly found in the frontal of an infants skull
  • Basilar: base of the skull
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45
Q

TMJ (temporomandibular joint)

A

Connects the mandible to skull

46
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Central part of the skeleton

47
Q

Appendicular

A

Upper and Lower part of the skeleton

48
Q

Thorax

A
  • Manubrium
  • Body
  • Xiphoid Process
49
Q

Vertebrae

A
  • Cervical (7)
    • Atlas
    • Axis
  • Thoracic (12)
  • Lumbar (5)
50
Q

Hyoid

A

No direct bone attachment, connects through muscles

51
Q

Ossified Laryngeal Cartilage

A

aging process where hyaline cartilage turns into bone

52
Q

Types of ribs (3)

A
  • True
  • Floating
  • False
53
Q

Pectoral girdle and upper limb (5)

A
  • Clavicle
  • Scapula
  • Humerus
  • Radius
  • Ulna
54
Q

Glenoid Fossa

A

A depression in a bone so fit another

55
Q

Olecranon Fossa

A

provides proper movement and stability to the elbow joint

56
Q

What bones are in the hand? (3)

A
  • Carpals
  • Metacarpals
  • Hand Phalanges
57
Q

Pelvic Girdle (8)

A
  • Os Coxa (innominate): Hipbone
  • Ilium: top of the hipbone
  • Ischium: lower and back part of the hipbone
  • Pubis: sides of the pelvis
  • Pubic Symphysis: connects the pelvic bones
  • Acetabulum: socket on the lateral face of the hipbone
  • Auricular surface: ear-shaped area found along the sacrum
  • Sciatic Notch: notch in the ilium
58
Q

Lower Limbs (7)

A
  • Femur
  • Patella
  • tibia
  • fibula
  • Tarsals
  • Metatarsals
  • Foot Phalanges
59
Q

Odontology

A

The study of teeth, their structure, and their diseases

60
Q

Dentition (def. and types)

A

The arrangement and condition of an individuals teeth

  • crown
  • root
  • enamel
  • incisors
  • canines
  • premolars
  • molars
  • human dental formula
61
Q

Oseometric

A

the measuring of bones

62
Q

Morphoscopic

A

examination of the shape of a small particle/object

63
Q

Macroscopic

A

visible to the naked eye

64
Q

Microscopic

A

visible with only a microscope

65
Q

Osteometric Landmarks

A

points in the skeleton used for measurements and comparison

66
Q

Calipers (2)

A
  • Sliding calipers
  • Spreading calipers
67
Q

Osteometric Board

A

used to measure bones

68
Q

Regression Analysis

A

estimate stature from skeletal remains

69
Q

Decision Trees

A

helps estimate age, ancestry, and sex

70
Q

Discriminant Function

A

helps develop sex determination

71
Q

Software Programs in FA (3)

A
  • Fordisc: classifies adults by ancestry and sex
  • MorphoPASSE: determines sex using traits from pelvis/skull
  • FDB (Forensic anthropology data bank): stores information about cases
72
Q

Cognitive Bias

A

how a persons belief/motives can affect a way evidence is collected

73
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

warping or looking for information that fits a pre-existing bias

74
Q

Geometric Morphometrics (GM)

A

analyzes the shape and size variation based on a range of traits

75
Q

Secular Change

A

Non-genetic changes that occur over multiple generations

76
Q

Radiology

A
  • CT
  • XRay
77
Q

Virtopsy

A

uses scanning and 3D imaging to examine a body for signs of death

78
Q

Histology

A

study of microscopic structure and composition of biological tissue

79
Q

Light Microscopy

A

helps analyze bone and tissue

80
Q

Elemental Analysis

A
  • Isotopes
  • Isoscapes
81
Q

Medicolegal Significance

A

Determines the importance of evidence in a legal case involving medicine

82
Q

Resolving Commingling (def/ 4 types)

A

(def) separating mixed human remains into individual remains
1) Pair matching
2) MNI (identifies fewest # of individuals)
3) Articulation (where bones meet in the body)
4) Oseteometric Sorting (sort by size/shape)

83
Q

Skeletal Sampling

A

the collection of bone samples for the purpose of developing standards on determining identifying factors (ex. age, sex ancestry)

84
Q

Contemporary

A

Skeletal material was recent

85
Q

Taphonomy

A

the state of preservation and modification of remains

86
Q

Taphonomic Processes

A

the changes that occur to organic remains as they transition from living to fossilized

87
Q

Skeletal vs. Non-Skeletal Materials

A
  • Skeletal: organic substances made up of various collagen and hydroxyapatite
88
Q

Features that can be used to differentiate skeletal from non-skeletal

A

Morphology, microscopy, radiology, elemental analysis, alternate light source

89
Q

Human vs. Non-Human Remains

A
  • Human: body of diseased person
  • Non-Human: body that is not of a human being
90
Q

Differences between human and nonhuman skeleton

A
  • Human: characterized by osteonal tissue
  • Nonhuman: body that is not of a human being
91
Q

Cremains

A

cremated remains

92
Q

Tri-state Crematory

A

scandal that happened due to 339 bodies that were dumped, not cremated

93
Q

Histological Analysis

A

bone microstructure and learn about human remains

94
Q

Elemental Analysis

A

identify human remains and determine origin of material

95
Q

XRF

A

analyzes human remains and other materials

96
Q

Radiography

A

documents and investigates skeletal remains and trauma

97
Q

SEM/EDS

A

analyzes bones and other evidence

(Scanning Electrons Microscopy/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy)

98
Q

ALS (Alternate Light Source)

A

search crime scenes for evidence

99
Q

Zooarchaeology

A

comparative vertebrae anatomy

100
Q

Plexiform

A

tissue type commonly found in animals

101
Q

Difference between Quadrupeds and Bipeds

A

of legs

102
Q

Radiocarbon Dating (The Bomb Curve)

A

estimated time of death based on carbon levels

103
Q

Baculua

A

Correlate with post-copulatory selection

104
Q

pRIA

A

identify the species using teeth/bone structure

105
Q

DNA

A

Identify and reconstruct biological profiles

106
Q

Recent vs. Nonrecent Human Skeletal Remains

A

Recent: Living tissue
Nonrecent: Non-living tissue

107
Q

Clandestine (covert) Burial

A

unrecorded/unmarked burial site

108
Q

Colonel William Shy

A

grave led to creating of body farm

109
Q

Trophy Skulls

A

aid in analysis of origin and forensic significance

110
Q

William Bass

A

founder of the Body Farm

111
Q

Cause vs Manner of Death

A

COD: what actually killed the person
MOD: how they died

Forensic Anthro (3 decks)

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