Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Anthropology (def)
A
The study of humans/ancestors, primates, and biocultures
2
Q
Artifacts (def)
A
An object made by humans
3
Q
Accreditation vs. Certification
A
Accreditation: the review of a practice to make sure it’s up to standard
Certification: Credentials to verify someone’s competence for a job
4
Q
Sociocultural Anthro
A
The study of human culture
5
Q
Linguistic Anthro
A
The study of languages
6
Q
Archaeology
A
The study of past human cultures through the analysis of physical remains
7
Q
Biological/Physical Anthro (def/ 6 types)
A
The study of the biology of humans
1) Human osteology: study of bones
2) Primatology: Study of primates
3) Skeletal Biology: The study of human skeletons (organ, tissue level)
4) Paleontology: The study of human records
5) Pathology: Study of disease and how it spreads
6) Forensic Anthropology: Identification of unknown human remains (legal context)
8
Q
Objectives of Forensic Anthropology (4)
A
- Makes biological profiles
- Investigates manner of death
- Assist in investigations
- Testify in court
9
Q
Thomas Dwight
A
(1843-1911)
“Father of American Forensic Anthropology”
10
Q
Wilton Marion Krogman
A
(1903-1987)
- First “true” Forensic Anthropologist
- Made the FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Guide
11
Q
T. Dale Stewart
A
(1901-1997)
- Help to figure out the age of skeletons
12
Q
Organizations and Standards
A
- SDO
- SWGANTH
- ASB
- OSAC
- JPAC/CIL/DPAA
- DMORT
13
Q
Legal Context for FA
-Frye
-FRE
-Daubert
A
- Frye: “General acceptance”, used to determine if evidence can be used in court
- FRE: allows admission of facts to help a case
- Daubert: scientific conclusions based on the scientific method
14
Q
Careers in FA
A
- Medical Examiner: forensic pathologist
- Coroners: appointed officials
15
Q
Collagen
A
Structural Support - organic
16
Q
Hydroxyapatite
A
Supports bone growth
17
Q
Osteoblasts
A
form new bone
18
Q
Osteoid
A
forms before bone tissues emerge
19
Q
Osteocytes
A
regulates the formation of new/mature bone
20
Q
osteoclasts
A
removes old bone
21
Q
periosteum
A
connective tissue
(bone skin)
22
Q
Compact (cortical) bone
A
bone tissue that makes up the outer layer
23
Q
Trabecular (cancellous) bone
A
spongey bone tissue
24
Q
Diploe
A
spongey bone that separates the inner/outer layer of the cortical
25
Osteon (Haversian System)
basic building blocks of the bone - supply blood to bone
26
Osteogenesis
Process of bone formation
27
Woven Bone
rapid repair of the bone
28
Lamellar Bone
makes the woven bone stronger
29
Primary Ossification
the first area of the bone to form
30
Secondary Ossification
appears after the primary ossification started
31
Intramembranous Ossification
Transforms mesenchymal tissue into bone tissue
32
Endochondral Ossification
Transforms cartilage into bone
33
Diaphysis
the shaft of a bone
34
Epiphysis
the end part of a bone (pineal)
35
Metaphysis
neck portion of a bone
36
Wolff's Law
Bones will adapt to the degree of mechanical loading
37
Standard Anatomical Position
- Anterior: front
- Posterior: back
- Superior: directed upwards
- Inferior: head or lower
- Proximal: center
- Distal: located away from an area
- Dorsal: Upper side
- Medial: Middle/center
- Lateral: side of middle
- Endocranial: interior of skull
- Ectocranial: exterior of skull
- Articulate: where 2 bones meet
38
Bipedalism
ability to walk on 2 legs
39
Quadrupedalism
ability to walk on 4+ legs
40
Parts of the Cranium
- Neurocranium: upper/back of the skull
- Splanchnocranium: front portion of the skull
- Frontal: forehead section of the skull
- Parietals: Side/roof of the skull
- Occipital: back of the skull
- Temporals: side of the skull (ears)
- Maxilla: upper jaw
- Zygomatic: upper side of the face (cheekbones)
- Mandible: lower jaw
41
Sinuses
- Frontal
- Maxilla
42
External Occipital Protuberance
bony bump in the back of the skull
43
Mastoid Process
helps to drain fluid from middle ear
44
Sutures
- Coronal: separates frontal and parietals
- Sagittal: separates the parietals into two
- Lambdoidal: separates the parietals and occipital
- Squamosal: separates the temporal from others
- Metopic: commonly found in the frontal of an infants skull
- Basilar: base of the skull
45
TMJ (temporomandibular joint)
Connects the mandible to skull
46
Axial Skeleton
Central part of the skeleton
47
Appendicular
Upper and Lower part of the skeleton
48
Thorax
- Manubrium
- Body
- Xiphoid Process
49
Vertebrae
- Cervical (7)
- Atlas
- Axis
- Thoracic (12)
- Lumbar (5)
50
Hyoid
No direct bone attachment, connects through muscles
51
Ossified Laryngeal Cartilage
aging process where hyaline cartilage turns into bone
52
Types of ribs (3)
- True
- Floating
- False
53
Pectoral girdle and upper limb (5)
- Clavicle
- Scapula
- Humerus
- Radius
- Ulna
54
Glenoid Fossa
A depression in a bone so fit another
55
Olecranon Fossa
provides proper movement and stability to the elbow joint
56
What bones are in the hand? (3)
- Carpals
- Metacarpals
- Hand Phalanges
57
Pelvic Girdle (8)
- Os Coxa (innominate): Hipbone
- Ilium: top of the hipbone
- Ischium: lower and back part of the hipbone
- Pubis: sides of the pelvis
- Pubic Symphysis: connects the pelvic bones
- Acetabulum: socket on the lateral face of the hipbone
- Auricular surface: ear-shaped area found along the sacrum
- Sciatic Notch: notch in the ilium
58
Lower Limbs (7)
- Femur
- Patella
- tibia
- fibula
- Tarsals
- Metatarsals
- Foot Phalanges
59
Odontology
The study of teeth, their structure, and their diseases
60
Dentition (def. and types)
The arrangement and condition of an individuals teeth
- crown
- root
- enamel
- incisors
- canines
- premolars
- molars
- human dental formula
61
Oseometric
the measuring of bones
62
Morphoscopic
examination of the shape of a small particle/object
63
Macroscopic
visible to the naked eye
64
Microscopic
visible with only a microscope
65
Osteometric Landmarks
points in the skeleton used for measurements and comparison
66
Calipers (2)
- Sliding calipers
- Spreading calipers
67
Osteometric Board
used to measure bones
68
Regression Analysis
estimate stature from skeletal remains
69
Decision Trees
helps estimate age, ancestry, and sex
70
Discriminant Function
helps develop sex determination
71
Software Programs in FA (3)
- Fordisc: classifies adults by ancestry and sex
- MorphoPASSE: determines sex using traits from pelvis/skull
- FDB (Forensic anthropology data bank): stores information about cases
72
Cognitive Bias
how a persons belief/motives can affect a way evidence is collected
73
Confirmation Bias
warping or looking for information that fits a pre-existing bias
74
Geometric Morphometrics (GM)
analyzes the shape and size variation based on a range of traits
75
Secular Change
Non-genetic changes that occur over multiple generations
76
Radiology
- CT
- XRay
77
Virtopsy
uses scanning and 3D imaging to examine a body for signs of death
78
Histology
study of microscopic structure and composition of biological tissue
79
Light Microscopy
helps analyze bone and tissue
80
Elemental Analysis
- Isotopes
- Isoscapes
81
Medicolegal Significance
Determines the importance of evidence in a legal case involving medicine
82
Resolving Commingling (def/ 4 types)
(def) separating mixed human remains into individual remains
1) Pair matching
2) MNI (identifies fewest # of individuals)
3) Articulation (where bones meet in the body)
4) Oseteometric Sorting (sort by size/shape)
83
Skeletal Sampling
the collection of bone samples for the purpose of developing standards on determining identifying factors (ex. age, sex ancestry)
84
Contemporary
Skeletal material was recent
85
Taphonomy
the state of preservation and modification of remains
86
Taphonomic Processes
the changes that occur to organic remains as they transition from living to fossilized
87
Skeletal vs. Non-Skeletal Materials
- Skeletal: organic substances made up of various collagen and hydroxyapatite
88
Features that can be used to differentiate skeletal from non-skeletal
Morphology, microscopy, radiology, elemental analysis, alternate light source
89
Human vs. Non-Human Remains
- Human: body of diseased person
- Non-Human: body that is not of a human being
90
Differences between human and nonhuman skeleton
- Human: characterized by osteonal tissue
- Nonhuman: body that is not of a human being
91
Cremains
cremated remains
92
Tri-state Crematory
scandal that happened due to 339 bodies that were dumped, not cremated
93
Histological Analysis
bone microstructure and learn about human remains
94
Elemental Analysis
identify human remains and determine origin of material
95
XRF
analyzes human remains and other materials
96
Radiography
documents and investigates skeletal remains and trauma
97
SEM/EDS
analyzes bones and other evidence
(Scanning Electrons Microscopy/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy)
98
ALS (Alternate Light Source)
search crime scenes for evidence
99
Zooarchaeology
comparative vertebrae anatomy
100
Plexiform
tissue type commonly found in animals
101
Difference between Quadrupeds and Bipeds
of legs
102
Radiocarbon Dating (The Bomb Curve)
estimated time of death based on carbon levels
103
Baculua
Correlate with post-copulatory selection
104
pRIA
identify the species using teeth/bone structure
105
DNA
Identify and reconstruct biological profiles
106
Recent vs. Nonrecent Human Skeletal Remains
Recent: Living tissue
Nonrecent: Non-living tissue
107
Clandestine (covert) Burial
unrecorded/unmarked burial site
108
Colonel William Shy
grave led to creating of body farm
109
Trophy Skulls
aid in analysis of origin and forensic significance
110
William Bass
founder of the Body Farm
111
Cause vs Manner of Death
COD: what actually killed the person
MOD: how they died
