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Epi 600 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Epi Def

A

Study of distribution and determinants of health related events in specified populations and the application of the study to control health issues

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2
Q

fundamental question of epi

A

does an exposure cause an outcome?

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3
Q

3 data types

A

Describe, Predict and Causal Inference

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4
Q

Possible Exposure-disease relationships

A

limited evidence (unworthy of study), good evidence (worthy of a study), strong evidence (basis of public policy)

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5
Q

4 explanations of association

A

causal, reverse causation, chance, bias

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6
Q

web of causation

A

causation due to many interconnected factors
Pro: multiple causes to a disease, links bio to social determinants

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7
Q

Critiscism of web of causality

A

lack of causal mechanisms, lack of origins, no theory, no difference between individual and population determinants

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8
Q

Biomedical model criticism

A

focus on biological determinants, social determinants are secondary, populations are sums of individuals

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9
Q

Hills causal criteria

A

9 total: experimental, temporal, strength of association, dose response, biological plausibility, consistency, analogy, specificity, coherence

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10
Q

Temporal Relationship

A

Exposure preceding an outcome

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11
Q

Strength of association

A

Stronger associations are more likely to be causal

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12
Q

Dose Response

A

Greater exposure = greater outcome

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13
Q

biological plausibility

A

reasonable proposed bio mech

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14
Q

consistency

A

observe association within different contexts but get same results

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15
Q

analogy

A

similar to other established causal relasionships

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16
Q

specificity

A

uniqueness of given exposure with a specific outcome

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17
Q

Coherence

A

Similar to results in a lab

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18
Q

Modified Determinism

A

component, necessary and sufficient causes

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19
Q

Sufficient cause

A

a single cause or set of causes that are necessary and make the disease occur

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20
Q

component

A

a factor needed in some cases

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21
Q

necessary

A

a factor found in all cases

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22
Q

Pros and cons of modified determinism

A

Pro: conceptual, bio makes sense, see patterns of risk factors
Cons: we don’t know all causes, not quantitative

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23
Q

Susser’s Pragmatic Causal Criteria

A

association - factor must occur together with Y
Time order - X must precede Y
Direction - X causes Y but Y doesn’t cause X

24
Q

How to evaluate causal direction

A

consistency, strength, specificity, predictive performance, coherence

25
Q

Etiologic Factors

A

biologic understanding of how cause of disease leads to structural and physiological changes that result in disease

26
Q

Are all etiologic factors risk factors?

A

YES but not all risk factors are etiologic

27
Q

Primary Prevention

A

To prevent initial development of disease in disease free individuals

28
Q

Secondary Prevention

A

Early detection of existing disease in asymptomatic individuals

29
Q

Diagnosis

A

Detection of an existing disease among individuals with symptoms

30
Q

diagnostic testing vs screening

A

one has symptoms or lab findings, one is identifying possible disease with no symptoms

31
Q

Tertiary Prevention

A

to reduce impact of disease among diseased individuals

32
Q

Latent

A

Post Infection Pre contagious

33
Q

incubation

A

post infection until clinical signs

34
Q

clinical period

A

once symptoms appear

35
Q

Endemic

A

Normal frequency of disease

36
Q

sporadic

A

occasional disease that is unexpected but does not prompt further cases

37
Q

epidemic

A

occurrence of disease in excess of normal expectancy

38
Q

Pandemic

A

An epidemic on a world wide scale

39
Q

Outbreak

A

occurrence of more cases of disease in a specific area, group of people over a period of time

40
Q

Epidemiologic Triad

A

Host: “who” has the pathogen
Environment: “where” allowed for transmission
Agent: “what” microbe

41
Q

Case defintion

A

a standard set of criteria for deciding whether an individual should have a health conditon

42
Q

Attack rate

A

people who became ill / # people at risk

43
Q

Attack rate ratio

A

attack rate among exposed / attack rate among unexposed

44
Q

Screening

A

Testing to sort out asymptomatic people who may have a disease

45
Q

Lead time

A

Interval by which the time of diagnosis is advanced by screening and early detection

46
Q

Sensitivity

A

Ability for a test to correctly identify those who have disease

47
Q

Specificity

A

ability of a test to identify who does not have the disease

48
Q

PPV

A

What is likely hood they actually have disease if they test pos

49
Q

NPV

A

What is the likely hood that they do not have the disease if they test neg

50
Q

PPV and specificity/sensivity

A

higher sensitivity = higher PPV

51
Q

SDOH

A

Conditions in the environment that affect an individuals health

52
Q

impact of SDOH

A

major contributor to health disparities and inequities, progress towards health equity

53
Q

Passive surveillance

A

simple, inexpensive

54
Q

Active surveillance

A

health agencies seek reports, get complete reporting (STATES JOB)

55
Q

Sentinel Surveillance

A

report of events by health professionals to represent a certain area or group, case control study, quantifies # cases

56
Q

Syndromic Surveillance

A

reporting of events based on specific symptoms that may show large potential outbreak

Epi 600 (2 decks)

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