exam 1 Flashcards
Age of discovery
1492
-When European explorers went on extensive-overseas voyages
-Discovered New lands
-Established trade
-Colonized territories
Reason: “God, Gold, Glory”
-spread religion
-expand the land
-becoming wealthy
Slavery: Columbus ships made it to Caribean Islands, they didn’t find a lot of gold, but they found people to enslave.
-Slaves lost land, life, religion, and assets.
Colombian Exchange
Followed by voyage to the Americas in 1492
-exchange of disease, ideas, food, crops, and population.
Food production: Increased food production and population growth (maize, potatoes, tomatoes, all became important globally)
Economic shift:
Led to Europe’s shift towards Capitalism
Disease:
Introduced new sickness to Americas (syphilis, smallpox, measles, bubonic plague, and malaria)
Slavery:
Trans-Atlantic Slave trade- where Europeans enslaved millions of Africans and brought them to America.
Environmental impact:
Ecosystems disrupted, destroyed millions of acres of forest and contributed to erosion.
Political Divisions:
Conflict between herders and Farmers, created new political divisions
Black Legend
16th century
-Theory that describes a negative and inaccurate portrayal of Spain and their people. (context: Spanish colonizing Americas)
-Discredited the Spanish empire and their influence on the world (used by European rivals)
Significance:
Factor in the expulsion of Spain from England and Holland (competitors for territory in America)
Treaty of Tordesillas
Signed: June 7th 1494
By: Spain and Portugal to divide newly discovered lands outside of Europe (fixed/changed boundaries)
-established demarcation line that ran from pole to pole, 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands.
-gave each country a monopoly on discovery, navigation, and trade in respected areas
Long term Consequences:
-creation of Brazil (Portuguese speaking)
-Spanish speaking countries (Argentina and Columbia)
-South America split into many independent countries
Importance:
Spain- owned right to colonize and rule North and South America
Portugal- owned right to Africa and Asia
“Separatists”
The Pilgrims
-religious group who founded Plymouth Colony
-Left England to establish their own religion in Massachusetts (SEPARATE from church of England)
-they faced persecution/harassment in England which promoted them to flea.
-arrived in Plymouth on the mayflower ship
-Celebrated the first Thanksgiving in 1621
-Where they gave thanks to God and the Native Americans who helped them
Joint Stock Companies
A business owned by investors who purchase shares in a company
-way to finance a colony so investors dive their losses and split profits
Virginia Company:
-a stock company that established Jamestown Settlement
-granted charter by King James in 1606 to establish permanent English settlement in North America
-Jamestown was named after king James
Charter: A written agreement given by the government, which gave permission to establish a colony
significance: important for colonization in North America
Jamestown
Established in 1607 by Virginia Company
- permanent English settlement in North America (named after Kind James)
-Experimented with tobacco and set the stage for England’s wealth in the 18th century
Cannibalism: (1609-1610) “starving time”
why?
-hunger and disease
-drought, couldn’t grow crops
-no supply ships
Anne Hutchinson
“the expelled”
-one of the earliest American feminists
-Spiritual leaders in Massachusetts who challenged male authority
-Taught men and women and questioned Puritan teachings about salvation.
Banned from Massachusetts by colony
-became religious liberal who became one of the founders of Rhode Island and Connecticut
-she frequently challenged authority
Reformists
Puritans-1630
-People who sought to challenge and improve the practices and doctrines of the Catholic Church
“City on a Hill”:
phrase from a sermon given by- John Winthrop
-Winthrop wanted this sermon to create an example that the Puritans should follow
-that Massachusetts should different/ be models for the rest of the world
-created a “perfect” society based on Puritan beliefs
Treaty of Paris
signed-1763
-Ended the 7 year war (French and Indian war) between Great Britain, France, and Spain.
(took 2 of the seven years to become worldwide)
Important consequences:
-Territorial gains for Great Britain: France gave up all of its mainland North American terrorists to Great Britain.
Great Britain also gained Spanish Florida.
-Territorial loss for France: Lost a lot, kept only some islands and fishing rights in North America.
-Affects on Native Americans: Britain claimed Native Lands, and many Alabama Indians moved west with the french after they were forced to do so under the Treaty.
Political Fallout: The treaty’s terms were debated in the house of Commons, serious conflict
How did the 7 year war influence American Political development?
1754-1763- British colonists and France fought an expensive land war on North American content (french and Indian war)
-created widespread dissatisfaction due to the British policy’s aimed at paying for the war
-increased taxes
-made it easier to work together against the British government.
-George Washington: 2 failed efforts in evicting British
Salutary and Benign Neglect
“Good Neglect”
-Describes relationship between colonists and their governments (free to live their own lives)
How?
British gov. relaxed enforcement on trade laws and other regulations and allowed the colonies to have more freedom in local matters.
Why?
Policy was initiated by: Prime Minister Robert Walpole
The British wanted to maintain “Friendly” relationships with the colonies
-Colonies supported the British government’s economic and political objectives.
When did it end?
After the 7 year war, when the British gov. asserted more control over the colonies through taxes and trade regulations
Significance?
The policy contributed to the colonies increasing self-government, which eventually led to American Independence.
Coercive Acts
(intolerable acts) 1774+
-series of 4 laws that were passed by the British in 1774 to punish Massachusetts for the Boston tea party.
-Boston Port Act: closed the port of Boston until the colonies paid for the damaged tea.
-Massachusetts Gov. Act: Limited the town meetings and replaced the elected local government. with an appointed one.
-Administration of Justice act: Protected British officials from criminal prosecution in Massachusetts
-Quartering Act: Required colonies to provide food and housing for British soldiers that were stationed in their towns.
-British officials and soldiers were violently driven from the countryside into the cities under British Rule.
Bunker Hill
1775: American Patriots were defeated in the battle
-but they proved that they could hold their own against superior British army.
-This fight conformed that any reconciliation between England and American colonies was not possible
-proved american revolution would be a serious fight
-seen at a turning point in the war
Key points:
-despite american loss, they were determined to fight and defeat the British (war wont be easily won for the British)
-boosted Americans confidence, motivating them to continue the struggle for independence
-bunker hill was a pivotal moment in the American Revolution
“common sense”
1776: Thomas Paine’s 47 page book
-helped sway the 13 colonies toward independence with his persuasive and passionate case for separation from Britain.
-helped gain more support for the American Revolution
Significance:
-United the people- United average citizen with leaders behind the idea of independence
-Influenced the people- book was published 6 days before the signing of the Declaration of Independence
-Promoted the need to form a New Nation
-Influenced US Constitution and the Bill of Rights- Paine’s ideas found their way into these Famous Documents.
