Exam 1 Flashcards
What is Animal Science?
Animal Science is the collective study of domestic animals.
What is domestication?
Animals that are under the control of man throughout their lives. Animals whose breeding is or can be controlled by man and which depend upon man throughout their lives for protection or food.
Morrill Act
1862 set up Land Grant Colleges
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an animal.
Phenotype
The physical appearance or measurable performance.
Simply-Inherited traits
Controlled by one (or a few) gene pairs.
Polygenic Traits
Controlled by many gene pairs
What are animals used for?
-Sports
-Recreation
-Religion
-Manufacturing
-Companions
Animal Science specialties broken down
-Genetics
-Nutrition
-Physiology
-Animal Health
-Ethology (Animal Behavior)
-Meat Science
-Dairy Product Service
-Biotechnology
-Animal Breeding
Only 1/3 of animals are producing ____________ out of 2/3 of animals found in developing countries because of ________________.
Meat, milk, and wool
low productivity including stress, lack of tech, and diseases.
Animals produce what percentage of consumption for the world?
17%
How much do animals produce protein for the world?
40%
Why does Broiler production have a faster cash flow than any other industry?
Because it takes less than almost two months rather than two years like cattle.
What state has the largest horse, cattle, population/production?
Texas
What kind of integration does poultry consist of?
Vertical Integration
in what order does the beef female reproduction system go?
external to farthest interior
1. Vulva
2. Vagina
3. Cervix
4. Uterus
5. Uterine Horns
6. Oviduct
7. infidibulium
8. Ovaries
What does each part of the Beef Female Repro Tract do?
- Vulva - designed to keep debris out of the body
- Vagina - organ of copulation at mating
- Cervix - the muscular valve that slows down invading materials
- Uterus - site of embryotic development/where babies grow
- Uterine Horns - allows to be close to the ovary
- Oviduct - tubes that carry the eggs
- Infundibulum - catches and channels the released ovum to the oviduct
- Ovaries - where ovum is produced/contains estrogen and progesterone.
What is the male hormone and what does it do?
Testosterone and it is critical for sperm development
What are the 4 female hormones?
Estrogen - critical for follicle development.
Progesterone - sustains pregnancy
Relaxin - causes ligaments around birth canal to relax
Oxytocin - allows milk let down
What does the male reproduction system do?
Testicles - site of sperm production and testosterone
Epididymis - sperm storage & maturation
Scrotum - Protects testes and regulates temp.
Vas Deferans - transports sperm from epididymis to
Uretha - tube inside of penis transports sperm or urine exterior.
Penis - organ of copulation
Estrous Cycle
A repetitive cycle occurring when pregnancy does not (period)
Estrus
Standing heat (grounds to mate)
Fertilization
Where ovum and sperm unite
Gestation
length of pregnancy
Parturition
Act of giving birth
what are the certified pedigree swine?
Chester White
Poland China
Spot
Berkshire
Pros of AI
Conception rate is high and effective
Extends the use of males
reduces diseases
Cons of AI
Expensive
Need to know estrous cycle of cows
In Virto
Fertilization outside the body
Number of days for a cow for Estrous cycle
21 days
Number of days for a sheep for Estrous cycle
17 days
Number of days for a horse for Estrous cycle
21
Number of days for a goat for Estrous cycle
21
Gestation length for cattle
283 days (calving)
Corpus Luteum (CL)
the cells that remain in the follicle after the egg is ovulated becomes CL
gestation period for sheep
150 days (lambing)
gestation period for goats
150 days (kidding)
gestation period for hogs
115 days (Farrowing)
What is EPD
Expected Progeny Difference and it is a tool to see the predicted outcome of offspring
gestation period for horses
336 days (foaling)
what does a Yorkshire hog look like?
White with pink-ish with erect (stand up) ears
what does a Chester White Hog look like?
white with pink-ish tone of skin and droopy ears and medium build and larger nose
What does a Landrace hog look like?
All white, downward ears, larger bodied, and larger litters
What breeds of hogs are in the National Swine Registry?
-Yorkshire
-Landrace
-Duroc
-Hampshire
What does a Duroc look like?
solid red, downward ears
Extra - fast growing and excellent carcass
What does a Hampshire hog look like?
Black with white belt with erect ears
Extra - very lean, and muscular
What does a Berkshire look like?
Black with white points erect ears.
Extra - Fast and efficient growing carcass
What does a Poland China look like
Black with 6 white points, droopy ears
Extra - fast & efficient growing carcass
What does a Spotted hog look like?
Spotty with droopy ears
What does a Hereford hog look like?
Red bodied, white points and downward ears
What are Follicles?
An egg that moves to the cavities of the ovaries to be surrounded by cells
Mitosis
How the somatic cells divide
Meiosis
the cell division that creates sex cells
What is the purpose of Meiosis
The reason we study genetics
What are qualitative traits (controlled by one pair of genes)
-coat color
-polled or horned
-white color
-white wool
What is it when one gene masks the trait of another
Dominant
What is it when a gene will not show its affect if a dominant gene is present
Recessive
What is the genetic makeup of an organism
Genotype
What refers to the physical characteristics
Phenotype
What is referred to as both alleles are the same
Homozygous
What is referred to as two alleles are different
Heterozygous
what is the act of breeding two closely related individuals
Inbreeding
what is the act of breeding two extremely closely related individuals
Line breeding
Mating less closely related individuals
outbreeding
what is the term for mating animals from different breeds
Cross breeding
what is the actual genetic merit
Estimated Breeding Value
What are reproductive EPDs (traits)
Low traits
What are maternal EPDs (traits)
average traits
What are carcass EPDs (traits)
High traits
Mechanical forces
Chemical action
Hydrolysis of ingestion
Digestion
the way the animal gathers the food into their mouths
Phrehension
Where the food enters the digestive track
Mouth
Chewing
Mastication
The muscular tube that takes the food from the mouth to the stomach
Esophogus
Animals that have multi-compartment stomachs
Ruminants
What are the ruminant compartments
-Rumen
-Reticulum
-Omasum
-Abomasum
Allows the ruminant to break down cellulose
Rumen
Microorganisms that continually break down and eat
Microbes
Separated from the rumen by a ridge of tissue and looks like honeycomb
Reticulum
Acts as a pump to transfer food
Omasum
The ruminants true stomach
Abomasum
What is a one stomached animal
Monogastric
breaks down carbohydrates and fats
Pancreas
the portion between the stomach and anus
the longest section of the digestive system
Small Intestine
what three parts are made up of the small intestine
-duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum
the largest gland of the body
stores vitamins, iron, & glycogen
detoxifies chemicals and pollutants
Liver
Main function of removal of water and food waste
compresses waste into a form easier to digest
Large intestine
What 4 parts make up the large intestine
-cecum (what allows the horses to eat so much forage)
-colon
-rectum
-anus
