Exam 1 Flashcards
Define sentience.
The capacity to feel and perceive, how we create a subjective experience
Define consciousness
Sentience plus sapience, our reasoning and creativity
Define sapience.
The ability to rationalize and make decisions/analyze the situation.
What is the difference between monism and dualism?
Monism is the belief that our conscious is defined solely by external factors and dualism is the belief our conscious is defined by both internal and external factors
Define Wundt’s Heterogony of Ends.
An introspectionist perspective that our behavior and thoughts are an endless cycle of goals and actions
Define Wundt’s voluntarism.
A form of introspectionist perspective that all of our thoughts shape our sensations
Define William James’ pragmatism.
A form of introspectionist perspective that our perspective shapes our reality
Define Wundt’s structuralism.
A reductionist belief of consciousness that it is sorted into categories within the mind
Define modern cognitive psychology’s motivation.
A study the mind’s innerworkings through observable things
What is an EEG?
The sticky net thing of magnets, measures the electric potentials present on the scalp
What is an MEG?
The megamind tube, records magnetic fields produced by electrical activity of action potentials
levels of oxygenated hemoglobin
What is a TMS?
The wand, a magnetic coil that disrupts neuron communication
What is the difference between the CNS and PNS?
The CNS deals with the brain and PNS deals with the body
What is the cerebral cortex for?
It is the wrinkly dark grey area of the brain
What are the three types of neurons?
Motor neurons, interneurons, and sensory neurons
What are the macro sections of the brain?
Frontal love, occipital love, parietal love, and temporal lobe
What are the different parts of the brain stem?
Medulla, pons, midbrain, and thalamus
What does the medulla do and where is it located?
breathing and heartrate, in the bottom of the stem
What is the pons for and where is it located?
Postural and vital reflexes, middle section of the stem
What is the midbrain for and where is it located?
Species typical movement patterns (just below the thalamus)
What is the thalamus for and where is it located?
Routing and regulation of the information made in the brain stem, top of the stew
What is the cerebellum for?
Posture, balance, and skilled movement of the hands and feet, surrounds the brain stem
What is the basal ganglia for?
motor control, motor learning, and executive function, surrounds the brain stem
What are the parts of the limbic system?
Amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland
Define the Central-state theory.
Different drives in the brain come from different places
What areas of the brain does the central-drive system come from?
Cortex, brain stem, limbic system, and endocrine system
What are the three components of rewards?
Liking, wanting, and reinforcement
What separates the brain from liking and wanting?
Dopamine fuels want and endorphins fuel like
What parts of the brain are important for emotions?
amygdala and prefrontal cortex
What is the corpus callosum for?
Top-down and bottom-up processing
What is broca’s area and wernicke’s area?
Broca’s = primary motor area
Wernicke’s = primary somatosensory area
Define Broca’s area.
Ability to speak
Define Wernicke’s area.
Comprehension of speech
What is LTP?
Long-term potentiation, strengthening of synaptic connections through use
Define encephalization.
The ratio between brain and body weight
What is sensory transduction?
The change from a stimulus into a neural signal
What receptors do we use for olfaction?
Cilium
What is a distal vs a proximal stimulation?
Distal is exactly what the object is, proximal is what we did to perceive what the object was (sight, smell. touch)
What parts of the brain are involved in the sensory process?
Temporal lobe, primary auditory area, occipital love, and primary visual area
What is psychophysics?
The study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and the sensory experience produced
What parts of the brain are related to olfaction?
Amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus
Trigeminal sense.
The sense that signals irritating food
What is the somatosensory system?
The sense of touch and feel
WHat is tactile sensation?
Non-painful touch
What is nociceptive sensation?
Painful touch
Define proprioception.
sense of bodily position
Define thermoception.
Sense of temperature
Who was Wilder Penfield?
Developed the somatotopic map
What are meissner corpuscles?
Receptor for perceiving slip and maintaining grip
Define merkel cells.
Receptor for perceiving pattern, texture, and shape
Define pacinian corpuscles.
receptor for perceiving fine textures through vibrations
Define ruffini endings.
Receptors for perceiving skin stretch
What are the receptors for pain?
Nociceptors: A-delta fibers and C-fibers
What is the difference between A-delta fibers and c-fibers?
A-delta is for sharp pain, myelinated axons, and c-fibers are for dull pain, nonmyelinated axons
What are the temperature receptors?
Thermoceptors
Define the vestibular system.
Sense of balance and contributes to our spatial awareness and coordination
What is the main, mechanical component of the auditory system?
The cochlea
What are the receptors in the auditory system?
Crista and macula
What are the receptors required for vision?
Photoreceptors: rods and cones
What is the difference between rods and cones?
Rods see motion and contrast while cones see color
What produces our vision in the dark?
Scotopic vision
What produces our vision in the light?
Photopic vision
What is the difference between the dorsal and ventral pathways?
The dorsal pathway defines shapes and features (parietal region) and the ventral pathway perceives color and detail (temporal region)
Define cortical magnification.
Better focus in the middle of the visual field than the sides
Who do we complete objection recognition?
Perceptural organizations
Define perceptual organization.
Defining the ends and edges of objects
How do we have specialized vision?
Fusiform gyrus
What are the three types of monocular static depth cues?
Position-based cues, size-based cues, and linear-based cues
