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Biology of Aging > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are there more elders in the population?

A

Increase in birth rates
Increase in number of births
Decrease in childhood death rates
Increase in Life expectanc in all ages

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2
Q

What is aging?

A

A type of developmental change that is irreversible

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3
Q

Development

A

changes occuring prenatally and in childhood

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4
Q

maturation

A

transforms child to adult

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5
Q

Aging

A

changes that become evident in later years

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6
Q

What types of developmental changes IMPROVE survival?

A

Development and maturation

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7
Q

What typed of developmental changes REDUCE survivaL?

A

Aging

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8
Q

Define Biological aging

A

Changes in the physical structures and functioning of the body that affects a person’s ability to survive and or their appearance

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9
Q

Homeostasis

A

steady conditions required for life (BALANCE). Must be maintained to stay alive

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10
Q

Negative feedback

A

a system that antagonizes change

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11
Q

Negative feedback steps

A

1) detect deviation from homeostasis
2) inform the body to correct the problem
3) adjust to restore normal conditions

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12
Q

What happens when homeostasis is lost?

A

cells become injured and fail to function, resulting in illness and death

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13
Q

Chronological aging

A

passage of time (in years)

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14
Q

Cosmetic aging

A

changes in appearance

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15
Q

Social aging

A

changes in interactions with others

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16
Q

Economic aging

A

changes in financial status

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17
Q

Which type of aging is NOT influenced by the others

A

Chronological

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18
Q

Why does disease accompany aging?

A

Loss of homeostasis, decreased immune response, increase in exposure to diesease, increase chance of illness

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19
Q

How can we seperate “true age changes” from abnormal changes?

A

Study aging then prevent changes that are NOT inevitable

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20
Q

Cross Sectional Method

A

Compares the average characteristics of people from different age categories (can NOT observe individuals)

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21
Q

Longitudinal Method

A

Follows the characterisitcs of a group of people of a particular age over time (CAN study individuals)

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22
Q

Animal Aging

A

Studies animal aging

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23
Q

Culutred cell aging

A

Studies human aging

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24
Q

Peak capacity

A

Body’s ability to maintain homeostasis reaches the highest at 30 years old

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25
Q

Reserve capacities

A

Body’s ability to maintain homeostasis

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26
Q

What will make a person age faster?

A

Poor development

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27
Q

What other things infleunce aging (before and after)?

A

Risk factors

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28
Q

What biomolecule is most responsible for life?

A

Proteins

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29
Q

What atoms are in biomolecules

A

CHON (Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen)

30
Q

Structural proteins

A

form structural components of the cell

31
Q

Ezymes

A

speed and regulate biochemistry

32
Q

Why is the 3D shape of the protein essential?

A

it allows it to interact with a specific molecule

33
Q

molecular chains in larger biomolecules

A

Polymers

34
Q

continuous chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds that are responsible for DNA replication, transportation, cell structure support

A

Polypeptides

35
Q

Protein folding

A

occurs spontaneously based on amino acid sequence

36
Q

Protein structures

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

37
Q

Is making protiens anabolic or catabolic?

A

Anabolic

38
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

suagrs and “sugar polymers” with a function of energy and structure

39
Q

Lipids

A

Molecules that are mostly made up of hydrogen and carbon that have fats as energy sources and contains cholesterol

40
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

Have the curve in their structure

41
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Towards water

42
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Away from water

43
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Have nucleotides, and are responsible for info storage and ATP

44
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate (energy needed to survive)

45
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA replication, Transcription (DNA-RNA), Translation (RNA-Protein)

46
Q

What provides the instructions to make all the proteins?

A

Genes

47
Q

all the genetic material inside of the nucleus

A

Chromatin

48
Q

The DNA/Protien structures carry genes

A

Chromosomes

49
Q

nucleotide sequence of DNA that controls one hereditary characteristic of an organism. Encodes RNA

A

Gene

50
Q

tightly packed chromatin, not available for gene expression

A

Hemachromatin

51
Q

Barrier to maintain the cell’s internal chemistry

A

Cell membrane

52
Q

What is the cell membrane made up of

A

phospholipids, and diverse proteins

53
Q

Use sugar, fat, and proteins to make ATP. Have their own DNA

A

mitochondria

54
Q

Allows for manufacture and secretion of biomolecules

A

ER and Golgi

55
Q

Gives shape and support as well as additional functionality to the cell

A

cytoskeleton

56
Q

What are amorphous materials?

A

Lack a definite shape, they vary in their water/protein content

57
Q

What is collagen?

A

fibers that are twisted into thick cables

58
Q

What is elastin?

A

more flexible fibers

59
Q

Why do cells divide?

A

Growth, repair, reproduction

60
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell reproduction

61
Q

Chromosomes are duplicated by…

A

DNA replication

62
Q

Describe the cell cycle

A

1) Growth before mitosis (G1)
2) Mitosisn (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase, cytokinesis)
3) Centrioles replicate (G2)
4) DNA replication (S)
5) G0= resting phase (Most humans are in G0)

63
Q

The frequency of mitosis depends on

A

cell type (continuous, based on need, rare/never)

64
Q

What are the chromosome’s ends?

A

telemeres

65
Q

To replicate telemeres, you need

A

telomerase enzyme

66
Q

What is the hayflick limit?

A

the number of rounds of cell division depending on that cell type

67
Q

Does hayflick limit increase or decrease as an organism ages?

A

DECREASE

68
Q

Changes in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation that brings about new species over time (occurs by mutation)

A

Evolution

69
Q

Evolutions proceeds by

A

Natural selection

70
Q

Why isnt aging eliminated by evolution (Selfish gene theory-Darwin)

A

Organisms no longer needed following successful reproduction

71
Q

What are the 3 things needed for a valid theory of aging?

A

1) changes must occur commonly
2) the progress must be progressive
3) the process must leas to organ dysfunctions that lead to failure

72
Q

Main groups of theories of aging

A

1) wearing out
2) non reversible chemical changes that alter function
3) programmed biological clock

Biology of Aging (1 decks)

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