Exam #1 Flashcards
Weeks 1-5 material
Identify who G. Stanley Hall, Sigmund Freud, and Jean Piaget are, and describe their important impact on the study of child development.
Hall: Child study movement. Most known for research on adolescence
Freud: Psychoanalyst, believed early life experiences shaped adulthood
Piaget: Father of child psychology, argued children are active learners
Summarize the four questions researchers aim to understand when studying child development today.
- To what extent do children’s early experiences determine later development?
- To what extent does development occur discontinuously?
- To what extent do children contribute to their own development?
- To what extent does development vary across cultures?
Do developmental researchers still participate in the nature/nurture debate? Explain why or why not.
No they do not, instead they focus on how nature and nurture play off one another
Identify the goal of conducting research when the Descriptive Design, Case Study, Correlational Design, Experiment, Longitudinal Design, and Cross-Sectional Design are used. What disadvantages are associated with using these designs?
Establishes cause and effect relationship among the variables
Participant withdraws
Lack of honesty
Descriptive Design
Use research methods to identify Age-graded influences
Case Study
Examine one individual or a small group in detail to understand Nonnormative influences
Correlation Design
Compares two or more naturally existing characteristics to make predictions about development
Experiment
examine cause and effect relationships in a controlled setting
Longitudinal Design
Examines one age group multiple times,
over a period of time
Cross-Sectional Design
Examines different age groups at one point in time
How do researchers determine which of these methods is best to use?
What data do they need?
Who are they studying?
Define the three biases researchers must be aware of when collecting participant information.
Non-Responsive Bias: No response
Social Desirability Bias: good person
Demand Characteristic Bias: good participant
Ethical practices that all research studies must follow.
- Protect participants & special populations from physical & psychological harm
- Collect Informed Consent & Assent before the study
- Keep all data confidential
- Debrief individuals involved
What additional steps might researchers have to take the ensure these are being met when studying infants or children?
- Safety of child
- Consent/willingness of the child
Define the differences between the Gestational and Developmental Model of Prenatal Development.
- Gestational: First day of the woman’s last menstrual cycle
- Developmental: Conception
Identify when the Germinal Period occurs and outline the important developmental events that unfold during this time.
- Begins at conceptions
- Called a Zygote
Why do some pregnancies fail to progress beyond this period of Prenatal Development?
Fail to implant
What is different about Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins?
- Monozygotic: Shared Placenta, egg splits
- Dizygotic: Different Placenta, separate eggs
Identify when the Embryonic Period occurs and outline the important developmental events that unfold during this time.
- Occurs 3-8 week period
- Called an Embryo
- Organogenesis
Define what a Teratogen is, identify the various types that exist (focus on classifications), and describe some of the factors that can influence the impact one has on a developing organism.
Teratogen: A factor that causes malformation of an embryo, i.e.
- Malnutrition
- Chronic Illness
- Stress
- Environmental Hazards
- Drugs
Why do researchers argue that a harm reduction model is best to use rather than punishment to help reduce the impact teratogens can have on prenatal development?
lead to positive behavior changes by creating a supportive environment
9 to 12 weeks
Urination, facial expressions, swallowing, yawning
13 to 16 weeks
Reflexive movement
17 to 20 weeks
Mother can feel movement
20 to 24 weeks
Responds to mother’s voice,
reaches, Age of Viability
25 to 32 weeks
Rhythmic breathing activity, response to light
33 to 36 weeks
Fat deposited under the skin, lungs mature
37 weeks
Full term
NIPT
10 weeks; analyzes a pregnant person’s blood for DNA fragments, identify specific chromosomal abnormalities
Amniocentesis
15-20 weeks; sample of amniotic fluid from the womb to diagnose fetal health issues
Chorionic Villus Sampling
10-12 weeks; tissue sample from the placenta to check for genetic or chromosomal abnormalities in a fetus
Identify and describe the factors that are associated with neonatal mortality.
- Mother’s Age
- Limited prenatal care
- Teratogen exposure
