Exam #1

Question 1

Identify who G. Stanley Hall, Sigmund Freud, and Jean Piaget are, and describe their important impact on the study of child development.

Answer 1

Hall: Child study movement. Most known for research on adolescence

Freud: Psychoanalyst, believed early life experiences shaped adulthood

Piaget: Father of child psychology, argued children are active learners

Question 2

Summarize the four questions researchers aim to understand when studying child development today.

Answer 2

1. To what extent do children’s early experiences determine later development?
2. To what extent does development occur discontinuously?
3. To what extent do children contribute to their own development?
4. To what extent does development vary across cultures?

Question 3

Do developmental researchers still participate in the nature/nurture debate? Explain why or why not.

Answer 3

No they do not, instead they focus on how nature and nurture play off one another

Question 4

Identify the goal of conducting research when the Descriptive Design, Case Study, Correlational Design, Experiment, Longitudinal Design, and Cross-Sectional Design are used. What disadvantages are associated with using these designs?

Answer 4

Establishes cause and effect relationship among the variables

Participant withdraws

Lack of honesty

Question 5

Descriptive Design

Answer 5

Use research methods to identify Age-graded influences

Question 6

Case Study

Answer 6

Examine one individual or a small group in detail to understand Nonnormative influences

Question 7

Correlation Design

Answer 7

Compares two or more naturally existing characteristics to make predictions about development

Question 8

Experiment

Answer 8

examine cause and effect relationships in a controlled setting

Question 9

Longitudinal Design

Answer 9

Examines one age group multiple times,
over a period of time

Question 10

Cross-Sectional Design

Answer 10

Examines different age groups at one point in time

Question 11

How do researchers determine which of these methods is best to use?

Answer 11

What data do they need?

Who are they studying?

Question 12

Define the three biases researchers must be aware of when collecting participant information.

Answer 12

Non-Responsive Bias: No response
Social Desirability Bias: good person
Demand Characteristic Bias: good participant

Question 13

Ethical practices that all research studies must follow.

Answer 13

• Protect participants & special populations from physical & psychological harm
• Collect Informed Consent & Assent before the study
• Keep all data confidential
• Debrief individuals involved

Question 14

What additional steps might researchers have to take the ensure these are being met when studying infants or children?

Answer 14

• Safety of child
• Consent/willingness of the child

Question 15

Define the differences between the Gestational and Developmental Model of Prenatal Development.

Answer 15

• Gestational: First day of the woman’s last menstrual cycle
• Developmental: Conception

Question 16

Identify when the Germinal Period occurs and outline the important developmental events that unfold during this time.

Answer 16

• Begins at conceptions
• Called a Zygote

Question 17

Why do some pregnancies fail to progress beyond this period of Prenatal Development?

Answer 17

Fail to implant

Question 18

What is different about Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins?

Answer 18

• Monozygotic: Shared Placenta, egg splits
• Dizygotic: Different Placenta, separate eggs

Question 19

Identify when the Embryonic Period occurs and outline the important developmental events that unfold during this time.

Answer 19

• Occurs 3-8 week period
• Called an Embryo
• Organogenesis

Question 20

Define what a Teratogen is, identify the various types that exist (focus on classifications), and describe some of the factors that can influence the impact one has on a developing organism.

Answer 20

Teratogen: A factor that causes malformation of an embryo, i.e.
- Malnutrition
- Chronic Illness
- Stress
- Environmental Hazards
- Drugs

Question 21

Why do researchers argue that a harm reduction model is best to use rather than punishment to help reduce the impact teratogens can have on prenatal development?

Answer 21

lead to positive behavior changes by creating a supportive environment

Question 22

9 to 12 weeks

Answer 22

Urination, facial expressions, swallowing, yawning

Question 23

13 to 16 weeks

Answer 23

Reflexive movement

Question 24

17 to 20 weeks

Answer 24

Mother can feel movement

Question 25

20 to 24 weeks

Answer 25

Responds to mother’s voice,
reaches, Age of Viability

Question 26

25 to 32 weeks

Answer 26

Rhythmic breathing activity, response to light

Question 27

33 to 36 weeks

Answer 27

Fat deposited under the skin, lungs mature

Question 28

37 weeks

Answer 28

Full term

Question 29

NIPT

Answer 29

10 weeks; analyzes a pregnant person’s blood for DNA fragments, identify specific chromosomal abnormalities

Question 30

Amniocentesis

Answer 30

15-20 weeks; sample of amniotic fluid from the womb to diagnose fetal health issues

Question 31

Chorionic Villus Sampling

Answer 31

10-12 weeks; tissue sample from the placenta to check for genetic or chromosomal abnormalities in a fetus

Question 32

Identify and describe the factors that are associated with neonatal mortality.

Answer 32

• Mother’s Age
• Limited prenatal care
• Teratogen exposure