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Watershed Science > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Drainage density

A

Reflects spacing of stream channels
D= length of channel (km) / basin area (km2)

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2
Q

Stream order and 3 methods

A

Way to describe stream size
Horton, shreve, strahler

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3
Q

Horton stream order

A

Looks at entire stream length

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4
Q

Strahler stream order

A

Just stream reach

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5
Q

Shreve stream order

A

Just stream reach but additive

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6
Q

Basin magnitude (m)

A

Of first order streams in a basin

Magnitude=shreve stream order

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7
Q

Ruggedness Number

A

Drainage density x relief
Relief = max elev - min elev

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8
Q

Reynolds’s number

A

Describes properties of flow
Re <_ 500 = laminar
Re>_ 2000 = turbulent
Ke = 500-2000 = transition from L to T

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9
Q

Reynolds’s Number equation

A

Re=vle/u
V=flow velocity
L= length→ a/Pw
e= density of water
u= viscosity of water

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10
Q

Hydraulic radius

A

Ratio that describes how efficient water flow is
Rh= A/ pw
A-cross sectional area
Pw- wetted perimeter

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11
Q

Froude Number

A

Ratio of water velocity (v) and surface wave propagation velocity (vw)
→ measures how erosive flow is
Fr= v / vw =v/ square root (gh)
V-velocity of water
G-accel of gravity
H-height of water column

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12
Q

Supercritical

A

V> vw → fr> 1
Shallower flow, more erosive energy

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13
Q

Critical flow

A

V= vw → fr =1
Ripple wave moving upstream would be stationary

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14
Q

Subcritical flow

A

V< vw → fr <1
Tranquil, deeper flow.. Little erosive energy

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15
Q

Q-H relationship for critical flow @dip

A

Q = WcHcVc
Q → river discharge
Wc →width
Hc →height
Vc → square root ( gh)

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16
Q

Water flow over a spillway

A

Q=Wc (square root of 8/27 g)H^ 3/2
Wc = width of water@top of dam
H= height of water just above dam

Q=v2WcH2
V2= velocity@ dip
H2=height of water at dip

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17
Q

Weirs

A

Man-made structure designed to force flow to become critical so Q can be calculated

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18
Q

Two main types of weirs

A

Rectangular→ flow through rectangular opening
Q = CWcH^ 3/2
V-notch → flow through v, more accurate
Q=ctan(0/2)H^5/2

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19
Q

Major water reservoirs

A

→ lakes/streams/river/ponds
→glaciers (ice)
→aquifers:ground water
→ atmosphere
→ soils

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20
Q

Hydrology

A

Mainly surface water concerned w/origin, circulation, distribution, properties of water on earth

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21
Q

Hydrography

A

Stream discharge (Q) over time

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22
Q

Infiltration capacity

A

Rate @ which water can be absorbed into ground
IC>P= No OF
IC<P=OF

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23
Q

Saturated overland flow

A

Antecedent moisture
Ground already saturated
Make things flashier

24
Q

Subsurface storm flow

A

Moves through uncomplicated upper layer of soil/regolith

25
Q

Annular

A

Structural domes + basins

26
Q

Radial

A

Volcano, domes

27
Q

What controls drainage patterns

A

Variable weathering by bedrock
Tectonics
Volcanism
Fractures, jointing
Slopes

28
Q

Drainage density

A

Network of progressively larger channels that drain water from an area bounded by drainage divides

29
Q

Watershed

A

“Catchment”
Area of land where water collects and drains through an outlet

30
Q

Stage

A

Height above reference point

31
Q

Staff gauge

A

Scale placed in water

32
Q

Water balance

A

Way to track movement of water within and between a certain reservoir
In= out + s/t

33
Q

Flowing water

A

Moving
Streams, runoff, rivers

34
Q

Stagnant water

A

Lakes, ponds, wetland
Storage

35
Q

Laminar flow

A

Flow that happens in thin, smooth, parallel layers with no disturbance

36
Q

Turbulent flow

A

Velocity and direction of water particles vary erratically at any given point

37
Q

Runoff/ Horton overland flow

A

Water flowing over ground surface directly into stream channel
Occurs where there is a barrier to infiltration
Creates flashy flows

38
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

Vegetation uses water through root system
Excess water lost by evaporation directly from plant

39
Q

Interception

A

Vegetation captures precipitation
Never reaches ground
Rate of 10-50 % of precip

40
Q

Conformal

A

Mix of patterns

41
Q

Multibasinal

A

Hummocky
Smile-like shapes

42
Q

Rectangular

A

Joints @right angles

43
Q

Trellis

A

Dipping or folding

44
Q

Parallel

A

Moderate to steep slopes

45
Q

Dendritic

A

Tree-like

46
Q

Laser beams

A

Mounted on bridge or other overhead structure
Linked to data recorder

47
Q

Laser beams

A

Mounted on bridge or other overhead structure
Linked to data recorder

48
Q

Float recorder

A

Float dropped into stilling well and level is recorded
Analog or digital
Water needs to be relatively calm

49
Q

Pressure transducer

A

Measures atmospheric pressure just above water level and water pressure below water surface to get depth change
May use stilling well

50
Q

Stilling well

A

Well directly connected to stream channel
Good for measurements because effects of turbulence or flow variations are limited

51
Q

Float

A

how long it takes for an object to move down channel at known distance
V =(0.65vfloat)

52
Q

Thalweg

A

Fastest part of stream channel

53
Q

Flow meter

A

Electronic device with impeller that is submerged to a certain depth
Measures total depth and take velocity from average point

54
Q

Accoustic Doppler current profiler

A

Sonar technology that records velocity at different depths

55
Q

Velocity profile

A

Ave. velocity approximated at 60% of water depth or 40% of water height
V=(V0.2h +2V0.4h +V0.8h)/4

56
Q

Velocity area method

A

Cross section of a stream channel divided into sections and are added together

Watershed Science (1 decks)

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