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Adult Dysphagia > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q
  • Origin: Hyoid bone (median fibrous septum)
  • Insertion: edges of tongue
  • Innervation: hypoglossal (CN XII)
  • Action: shorten and curl tongue up
  • Intrinsic tongue muscle
A

superior longitudinal

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2
Q
  • Origin: root of tongue
  • Insertion: apex of the tongue
  • Innervation: hypoglossal (CN XII)
  • Action: shortens and curls tongue down
  • Intrinsic tongue muscle
A

inferior longitudinal

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3
Q
  • Origin: dorsum of tongue
  • Insertion: inferior lateral borders of tongue
  • Innervation: hypoglossal (CN XII)
    Action: flattens and broadens tongue
  • Intrinsic tongue muscles
A

Vertical muscle

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4
Q
  • Origin: median fibrous septum
  • Insertion: sides of tongue
  • Innervation: hypoglossal (CN XII)
  • Action: narrows and elongates tongue
  • Intrinsic tongue muscle
A

Transverse muscle

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5
Q
  • Origin: styloid process of temporal bone
  • Insertion: courses downward and anterior to insert in dorsum of tongue
  • Innervation: Hypoglossal (CN XII)
  • Action: elevate and retract tongue, draw sides of tongue up to create a trough, and shoots food back
  • extrinsic tongue muscle
A

styloglossus

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6
Q
  • Origin: greater cornu and body of hyoid
  • Insertion: posterior half of lateral aspect of tongue
  • Innervation: Hypoglossal (CN XII)
  • Action: depresses tongue; suprahyoid muscle
  • extrinsic tongue muscle
A

Hyoglossus

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7
Q
  • Origin: Velum where the fibers from each side intermingle
  • Insertion: lateral aspects of tongue
  • Innervation: Vagus (CN X)
  • Action: elevate tongue or depresses velum
  • Extrinsic tongue muscle
A

Palatoglossus

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8
Q
  • Origin: internal surface of mandibular symphysis
  • Insertion: fan throughout length of tongue and body of hyoid
  • Innervation: Hypoglossal (CN XII)
  • Action: anterior fibers retract tongue, posterior fibers protrude; suprahyoid muscle
  • extrinsic tongue muscle
A

genioglossus

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9
Q

Pulls larynx and hyoid up

A

Suprahyoid muscle

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10
Q
  • Attached to posterior border of palatine bones
  • Contains 2 depressors and 3 elevators
A

Soft palate (velum)

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11
Q
  • Courses medial then upward to fan out into palatal aponeurosis; fibers intermingle with muscle on opposing side
  • Origin: base of skull, foramen ovale, carotid canal, and sphenopetrosal fissure
  • Insertion: courses downward to tendonous portion which wraps around hamulus of medial pterygoid plate
  • Innervation: Trigeminal (CN V)
  • Action: flattens and tenses palate; opens Eustachian tube
  • depressor of velum
A

Tensor veli palatini

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12
Q
  • primary muscle for palatal depression
  • extrinsic muscle of tongue; forms anterior faucial pillar
  • Origin: lower surface of palatal aponeurosis
  • Insertion: sides of tongue
  • Action: depress velum and elevate tongue
  • Innervation: Vagus (CN X)
A

Palatoglossus

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13
Q
  • Origin: apex of petrous portion of temporal bone, cartilage of Eustachian tube
  • Insertion: palatal aponeurosis
  • Innervation: CN X, pharyngeal branch
  • Action: forms a sling to elevate palate on non-nasal sounds
  • Primary muscle for closing off palate
    -elevator of velum
A

Levator veli palatini

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14
Q
  • courses length of velum
  • origin: posterior nasal spine
  • insertion: uvula
  • innervation: CN X, pharyngeal branch
  • action: pull velum mass up and forward and increase cross-sectional mass
  • elevator of velum
A

Musculus uvulae

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15
Q
  • most important muscle for swallowing
  • posterior faucial arch
  • Origin: superiorly to hard palate and palatine aponeurosis
  • Insertion: inferiorly to lateral wall of pharynx and thyroid cartilage
  • Innervation: CN X, pharyngeal branch
  • Action: tenses soft palate and pulls pharyngeal walls superiorly, anteriorly, and medially during swallowing
  • closes off nasopharynx from oropharynx during swallowing
A

Palatopharyngeus

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16
Q
  • Shelf across alveolar processes
  • roof of mouth
  • rugae on anterior alveolar ridge
  • posterior nasal spine is found at rear midline
  • midline raphe are observable
  • Anterior 2/3 to 3/4 - palatine processes of maxillae
  • posterior 1/3 to 1/4 - horizontal plates of palatine bones
A

hard palate

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17
Q
  • Only moving bone in skull
  • Body or arch
  • Mandibular nerve of CN V
  • Action: chewing food
  • elevates, depresses. and lateralizes
  • houses lower teeth and tongue
A

Mandible

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18
Q

Line where the right and left halves of the mandible fuse together

A

Mental symphysis

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19
Q

triangular area in the front of the mandible that forms the chin

A

Mental protuberance

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20
Q

2 bony points on outside of mandible’s body that forms the chin’s prominence

A

Mental tubercles

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21
Q

opening in mandible that allows the mental nerve to exit the bone

A

Mental foramen

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22
Q

allows CN V to pass through mandible

A

Mandibular foramen

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23
Q

thick ridge of bone in mandible that holds teeth in place

A

alveolar process

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24
Q

bony ridge on the internal surface of mandible; attachment for Ramus

A

Mylohyoid line

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25
Q

irregular quadrilateral; makes up lateral portion of mandible on either side

A

Ramus

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26
Q

thin triangular eminence that continues anteriorly into the ramus and is bounded posteriorly by mandibular incisurae

A

Coronoid process/crown

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27
Q

articulates with temporal bone at temporomandibular joint in mandible

A

condylar process/knob

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28
Q

space between the coronoid and condyle in mandible

A

Mandibular notch

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29
Q
  • strongest muscle in body based on weight
  • flat, thin palpable muscle
  • origin: external fibers arises from zygomatic arch via aponeurosis; internal fibers arise from posterior surface of lower border/medial surface of zygomatic arch
  • insertion: external - lateral surface of ramus of mandible; internal - upper half of ramus and lateral surface of coronoid process
  • Action: elevate mandible
  • Alternate lateral contractions for chewing
  • Innervation: mandibular branch - CN V
A

Masseter

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30
Q
  • thin & fan shaped
  • origin: temporal fossa
  • insertion: anterior border of ramus and coronoid process
  • innervation: mandibular branch of CN V
  • Action: elevate mandible; important for mastication
A

Temporalis (temporal) muscle

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31
Q
  • quadrilateral shaped muscle
  • origin: pterygoid fossa (between base of lateral and medial pterygoid plates) and medial surfaces of lateral pterygoid plate
  • insertion: medial surface of ramus and angle of mandible
  • innervation: mandibular branch of CN V
  • action: elevate mandible, protrude and pull side to side (Mastication)
A

Medial (internal) pterygoid muscle

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32
Q
  • suprahyoid muscle
  • 2 bellies: anterior and posterior
  • attached by intermediate tendon attached to greater cornu of hyoid
  • mandibular depressor
A

Digastric muscle

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33
Q
  • origin: inner surface of lower border of mandibular symphysis
  • insertion: intermediate tendon
  • innervation: CN V
  • Action: depresses mandible
A

anterior belly of digastric muscle

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34
Q
  • origin: mastoid process of temporal bone
  • insertion: intermediate tendon
  • innervation: CN VII
  • action: elevates hyoid
A

posterior belly of digastric muscle

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35
Q
  • found on floor of mouth
  • origin: mylohoid line of mandible
  • insertion: median raphe and body of hyoid
  • innervation: CN V
  • action: depresses mandible and raises hyoid (suprahyoid)
A

Mylohyoid

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36
Q
  • rope like muscle superior to medial border of mylohyoid
  • origin: inner mandibular symphysis
  • insertion: body of hyoid
  • innervation: CN XII
  • action: depresses mandible and raises hyoid (suprahyoid muscle)
A

geniohyoid

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37
Q
  • primary muscle for protruding mandible
  • contains 2 heads: 1: lateral portion of greater wing of sphenoid bone; 2: lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate
  • insertion: pterygoid fossa (anterior neck of condyle of mandible)
  • action: depresses, protrudes, and lateralizes mandible
A

Lateral (external) pterygoid

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38
Q

What 3 mandibular muscles are responsible for raising the mandible?

A

medial/internal pterygoid, masseter, and temporalis

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39
Q

What 4 mandibular muscles are responsible for lowering the mandible?

A

geniohyoid, anterior belly of digastric muscle, mylohoid, and lateral/external pterygoid

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40
Q
  • lip seal
  • chewing
  • bolus formation
  • sucking
  • positive pressure
  • oropharyngeal and velopharyngeal seal
A

oral cavity

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41
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

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42
Q
  • located from nasal choanae to elevated soft palate
  • contains muscles that control the opening of Eustachian tube
A

nasopharynx

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43
Q

middle section of throat, located behind mouth and below soft palate

A

oropharynx

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44
Q

connects larynx to esophagus and is vital passageway for air, water, and food

A

laryngopharynx

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45
Q
  • quadrilateral muscle, thinner and paler than other constrictors
  • high of pharyngeal constrictor
  • origin: medial pterygoid plate, pterygomandibular raphe, alveolar process
  • insertion: pharyngeal raphe, pharyngeal tubercle
  • innervation: CN X, pharyngeal plexus
  • action: aids in buccal tension and pulls tongue backwards to posterior pharyngeal wall
A

superior pharyngeal constrictor

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46
Q
  • fan shaped muscle
  • smaller than inferior pharyngeal constrictor
  • origin: hyoid
  • insertion: pharyngeal raphe
  • innervation: CN X, pharyngeal plexus
  • action: constriction pushes bolus down towards esophagus
A

middle pharyngeal constrictor

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47
Q
  • located in inferior pharynx
  • muscle embedded in tube
  • Origin #1: cricoid cartilage & origin #2: thyroid cartilage
  • insertion #1: fibers course horizontally (cricopharyngeus muscle); insertion #2: fibers course oblique and upward and meet at midline to form a tube or sphincter
  • innervation: CN X, pharyngeal plexus
  • action: deglutition, pushes food down into esophagus
A

inferior pharyngeal constrictor

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48
Q
  • long slender muscle; passes between superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors; joins with palatopharyngeus muscle
  • origin: styloid process of temporal bone
  • insertion: thyroid
  • innervation: CN IX, glossopharyngeal
  • actions: elevates pharynx and larynx; widens pharyngeal space and pulls up on UES
A

stylopharyngeus

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49
Q
  • base of mandible and 3rd cervical vertebra when at rest
  • connected to floor of mouth, tongue, larynx, epiglottis, pharynx
  • makes muscular connections with: scapulae, sternum, cervical vertebrae, temporal bone, mandible, laryngeal cartilages and tongue
  • attachments are anatomical link between sucking, swallowing, chewing, breathing, cranio-cervical posture
  • upward and forward movement essential during swallow to draw mechanical traction on UES (opens esophagus)
A

hyoid bone

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50
Q
  • 3 functions
  • cartilage and muscle
  • true and false vocal folds
  • aryepiglottic folds
A

larynx

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51
Q

pulls larynx and hyoid down

A

infrahyoid

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52
Q

These laryngeal muscles are important for support and positioning and elevating (supra) and depression (infra)

A

extrinsic laryngeal muscles

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53
Q

these laryngeal muscles are most important for speech production

A

intrinsic laryngeal muscles

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54
Q
  • flat muscle near anterior surface of neck
  • origin: post surface of manubrium (sternum); medial end of clavicle
  • insertion: lower body of hyoid
  • innervation: CN XII
  • action: depresses hyoid
  • extrinsic laryngeal muscle - infrahyoid
A

sternohyoid

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55
Q
  • long slender muscle in front of anterior neck
  • origin: post surface of manubrium of sternum (doesn’t move)
  • insertion: oblique line of thyroid (covered by omohyoid and sternohyoid)
  • innervation: CN XII
  • action: depress thyroid
  • extrinsic laryngeal muscle - infrahyoid
A

sternothyroid

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56
Q
  • long, narrow, two-bellied muscle in anteriolateral surface of neck
  • Origin 1: upper border of scapula; origin 2: intermediate tendon, just above (and attached to) sternum
  • insertion: inferior surface of greater horns of hyoid
  • innervation: CN XII
  • action: depress larynx and hyoid
  • extrinsic laryngeal muscle - infrahyoid
A

omohyoid

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57
Q
  • located in anterior neck (covered by omohyoid and sternohyoid)
  • origin: oblique line of thyroid
  • insertion: lower border of greater horn of hyoid
  • innervation: CN XII
  • action: narrows distance between thryoid and hyoid; thyroid is fixed, it lowers hyoid, whereas if hyoid is fixed, it elevated thyroid
  • extrinsic laryngeal muscles - infrahyoid
A

thyrohyoid

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58
Q

What are the suprahyoid muscles?

A

digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, stylohyoid, hyoglossus, and genioglossus

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59
Q
  • origin: styloid process of temporal bone
  • insertion: greater horn of hyoid
  • innervation: CN VII
  • action: draws hyoid up and backward
  • extrinsic laryngeal muscle - suprahyoid
A

stylohyoid

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60
Q

Loss of/disordered

A

Dys

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61
Q

ability to eat (to swallow)

A

phagia

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62
Q

another words for swallowing

A

deglutition

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63
Q

collected and shaped body of food and/or liquid

A

bolus

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64
Q
  • process of chewing food
  • occurs in oral stage
  • bolus mixes with enzymes in saliva
A

mastication

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65
Q

process in which food or liquid enters larynx but remains above VF; may or may not be ejected via coughing

A

penetration

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66
Q

process whereby food, liquid, or other foreign matter passes below VF

A

aspiration

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67
Q

levels of entry into laryngeal vestibule and airway during MBS; levels 1-8

A

Penetration-Aspiration Scale

68
Q

aspiration without s/s

A

silent aspiration

69
Q

wave-like motion which conducts bolus through pharyngeal and esophageal structures

A

peristalsis

70
Q
  • tube formed from muscle which conducts bolus from pharynx to stomach via peristalsis
  • muscular tube that remains closed until food travels through it
  • patent tube
71
Q

tube which collapses against itself; does not remain open, but opens to receive a substance

A

patent tube

72
Q

opening to esophagus; opens at presence of food
- cricopharyngeus muscle fibers and inferior pharyngeal constrictor
- junction between hypopharynx and esophagus

A

Upper esophageal sphincter (UES)

73
Q
  • referred to as windpipe, formed of cartilage and leads from larynx to lungs
  • not a patent tube
  • remains open due to 16-20 cartilaginous rings of hyaline cartilage (deficient posteriorly)
  • lies anterior to esophagus
  • can tear easily
  • during swallowing, trachea momentarily cuts itself off via VF closure and epiglottic inversion
  • inferiorly divides into bronchi
74
Q
  • more likely to happen in right lung
  • results from food, liquid, or other foreign matter entering lungs
  • often cause of death of patients with dysphagia
A

aspiration pneumonia

75
Q
  • reduced triggering of pharyngeal swallow
  • reduced lingual control
  • reduced laryngeal adduction
  • reduced pharyngeal peristalsis
  • reduced UES opening due to poor anterior excursion
A

swallowing difficulty due to CVA

76
Q

Swallowing deficits in which hemisphere causes greater frequency of penetration and aspiration and pharyngeal swallow delay?

A

Right hemisphere damage

77
Q

Swallowing deficits in which hemisphere causes increased oral transit, lack of oral motor coordination, and oral and verbal apraxia?

A

Left hemisphere damage

78
Q

Inability to chew and/or swallow because of damage to anatomical structures which prevent mechanical processing of food includes the following:

A
  • physical damage (trauma to pharynx/larynx (CVA))
  • chemical damage (destruction/scarring from radiation exposure)
  • cancer which must be resected (part of tongue removed)
  • trachoesophageal fistula - fistular connecting trachea or esophagus
  • no teeth (edentulous)
79
Q

Serious conditions associated with dysphagia include:

A

malnutrition, dehydration, aspiration, weight loss, impaired skin integrity

80
Q

What structures is the oral cavity made up of?

A
  • maxilla
  • mandible
  • upper/lower lips
  • cheeks
  • tongue
  • teeth
  • floor of mouth/mandible
  • hard palate
  • soft palate
  • uvula
  • anterior/posterior faucial pillars
81
Q
  • does not move
  • houses upper teeth in alveolar ridge
82
Q
  • anterior boundary of buccal cavity and opening to oral cavity
    consists of:
  • vermilion zone: red area of lips; composed of transparent epithelium
  • inside lining is mucus membrane and continuous with lining of mouth
  • cupids bow: bow shaped upper boundary of vermilion zone
  • philtrum: vertical groove in middle of upper lip
  • columella: vertical ridges on either side of philtrum
  • superior labial frenulum: fold of tissue inside dividing upper right and left halves
  • inferior labial frenulum: fold of tissue inside dividing lower right and left halves
83
Q
  • principle muscle of lips
  • origin: midline on anterior surface of maxilla and mandible
  • insertion: mucus membrane around lip and near buccinator
  • innervation: CN VII - buccal branch
  • action: purse string the lips (sphincter-like action)
  • site of sounds which are terms labial
A

Orbicularis oris muscle

84
Q
  • muscle of chin; pouting muscle
  • origin: area around mental tuberosity
  • insertion: courses upward to insert in corner of mouth
  • innervation: CN VII - mandibular branch
  • action: draws corners of lips down
A

mentalis muscle

85
Q
  • lateral boundary of buccal cavity
  • lined internally with mucus membrane and external surface is skin
  • contains a layer of subcutaneous pad of fat, which is buccal fat pad
  • contain salivary glands
  • muscles include buccinator and risorius
86
Q
  • origin: pterygomandibular ligament (attached between hamulus of medial pterygoid plate and posterior limit of mylohyoid line), alveolar process of maxilla, and posterior-interior surface of mandible
  • insertion: fibers course forward to insert into lips
  • innervation: CN VII, buccal branch
  • action: suckling in neonates; pulls cheeks against teeth; mastication
A

buccinator or bugler’s muscle

87
Q
  • origin: fascia of masseter muscle
  • insertion: moves forward to corner of mouth
  • vertical and angular facial muscles are located in cheeks and other parts of face
  • Innervation: CN VII, buccal branch
  • action: lip retraction, smile
A

Risorius or laughter muscle

88
Q
  • produce between 0.5 to 1.5 liters of saliva each day
  • Neurotransmitter is ACh, which binds to receptors to increase salivation
  • Classified as: serous, mucous, and seromucous
A

Salivary glands

89
Q

What are the 3 major salivary glands?

A

Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual

90
Q

produces alpha-amylase to break down starch

91
Q

produces mucin to lubricate

92
Q

mixture of alpha-amylase to break down starch and mucin to lubricate

A

seromucous

93
Q
  • largest of salivary glands (20% of all saliva)
  • facilitates mastication and swallowing
  • wrapped around mandibular ramus; posterior to mandibular ramus; anterior to mastoid process of temporal
  • initiates swallowing via release of alpha-amylase (ptyalin) to break down starch
  • enters oral cavity via parotid duct
  • innervated by primarily to glossopharyngeal nerve; feeds into mandibular branch of facial nerve
A

parotid glands

94
Q

viral infection of parotid

95
Q
  • paired, located beneath mandible, superior to digastric muscle
  • can be palpated - feels like a rounded ball
  • located 2 inches above laryngeal prominence 2 inches apart
  • seromucosal in nature
  • fluid enters oral cavity via submandibular duct (Wharton duct)
  • produces most saliva of all glands (65-70%)
  • innervated by mandibular branch of CN VII
  • historically known as submaxillary glands
A

Submandibular glands

96
Q
  • paired structure
  • located inferior to tongue and anterior to submandibular glands
  • primarily mucous in nature, but classified as mixed
  • fluid exits from Rivinus ducts; 8-20 excretory ducts; different from other ducts as it does not travel
  • accounts for 5% of saliva
  • innervated by mandibular branch of CN VII
A

sublingual glands

97
Q

problems with dry mouth
- difficulty swallowing
- increased number of dental caries
- halitosis (bad breath)
- medicine can cause this deficiency in salivary glands

A

xerostomia

98
Q
  • 800-1000 of these
  • located in buccal, labial, and lingual mucosa, along with soft palate and floor of mouth
  • may or may not have its own excretory duct
  • produces mucosal fluid which lubricates oral cavity
  • innervated by CN VII
A

minor glands

99
Q

What are the 3 parts of a tooth?

A

crown, root, and neck

100
Q

covered with enamel and is about 1/3 of total length

101
Q

covered by the cementum and is about 2/3 of total length

102
Q

where crown and root meets

103
Q
  • contains 20 teeth, 5 per half arch
  • each half arch contains 2 incisors, 1 cuspid (canine) and 2 molars
  • baby teeth
A

Deciduous or primary dental arch

104
Q
  • contains 32 teeth with 8 per half arch
  • each half arch contains 2 incisors, 1 cuspid (canine), 2 bicuspid, and 3 molars
A

Permanent dental arch

105
Q

way to classify occlusions or relation of upper and lower jaw as determined by teeth position

A

Angle’s Classification

106
Q

normal occlusion

A

Class I - Angle’s Classification

107
Q

Malocclusion is a distoclusion or an overbite

A

Class II - Angle’s Classification

108
Q

Malocclusion is a mesioclusion or a prognathic jaw or an underbite

A

Class III - Angle’s classification

109
Q

occurs when back teeth meet and anterior teeth do not

110
Q

occurs when anterior teeth meet and posterior teeth do not

A

closed bite

111
Q

occurs when there is an open bite on one side of dental arch

A

lateral open bite

112
Q

What are the two muscles of the UES?

A

cricopharyngeus and thyropharyngeus

113
Q

primary muscle for UES closure

A

Cricopharyngeus

114
Q

Constricts middle of pharynx during swallowing

A

thyropharyngeus

115
Q

Where are the two bolus retention areas?

A

valleculae and/or piriform sinuses

116
Q

Feeling of a lump or foreign object in the throat

117
Q
  • origin and insertion inside larynx
  • controls phonation mostly, but adduction of VF is crucial to swallowing
A

intrinsic muscles

118
Q
  • sensory
  • smell
A

CN I - olfactory

119
Q
  • sensory
  • ability to see
A

CN II - optic

120
Q
  • movement of eyes
  • dilation/constriction of pupils
  • motor
A

CN III - oculomotor

121
Q
  • movement of eyes downward/inward
  • motor
A

CN IV - trochlear

122
Q
  • Sensory: face, sinuses, teeth
  • motor: muscles of mastication
A

CN V - trigeminal

123
Q
  • movement of eyes outward
  • motor
A

CN VI - abducens

124
Q
  • Taste, glands, facial expressions, eyelids closing
  • motor and sensory
A

CN VII - facial

125
Q
  • hearing and balance
  • sensitivity to sound
  • sensory
A

CN VIII - vestibulocochlear

126
Q
  • taste, swallowing
  • sensory and motor
A

CN IX - glossopharyngeal

127
Q
  • pharyngeal constriction/retraction; carries internal (sensory) and external (motor) information
  • longest nerve
A

CN X - vagus

128
Q
  • neck/shoulder movements (head turning and shrugging)
  • motor
A

CN XI - accessory

129
Q
  • tongue movements (most muscles of tongue)
  • motor
A

CN XII - hypoglossal

130
Q
  • junction between esophagus and stomach
  • gastroesophageal sphincter
  • barrier against reflux
A

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

131
Q

What are signs of aspiration?

A
  • eyes watering or runny nose
  • changes in respiration rate
  • change in lung sounds
  • facial grimacing
  • gagging
  • weight loss
  • dehydration
  • self change in diet (mechanical soft to puree)
  • pneumonia or history of pneumonia
  • reddening of face
  • difficulty in breathing
  • audible breathing
  • coughing
  • gurgly voice quality
  • high or low back pain
  • spiked fever
  • chronic, copious clear secretions
132
Q

What are the signs of silent aspiration?

A
  • significant delay in swallowing
  • premature release of bolus into pharynx
  • less than 1” excursion of larynx
  • history of pneumonia
  • gurgly voice
  • chronic, copious, clear secretions
133
Q

stomach contents move through UES into pharynx

A

laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)

134
Q

What cranial nerve is innervated by the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?

A

CN X - vagus

134
Q

What are the 4 intrinsic tongue muscles?

A

superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, vertical muscle, and transverse muscle

135
Q

What cranial nerve is innervated by the intrinsic tongue muscles?

A

CN XII - hypoglossal

136
Q

What are the 4 extrinsic tongue muscles?

A

styloglossus, hyoglossus, palatoglossus, and genioglossus

137
Q

What CN is innervated by the following extrinsic tongue muscles: styloglossus, hyoglossus, and genioglossus?

A

CN XII - hypoglossal

138
Q

What CN is innervated by the following extrinsic tongue muscle and velum depressor: palatoglossus?

A

CN X - vagus

139
Q

What are the velum depressors?

A

tensor veli palatini and palatoglossus

140
Q

What CN is innervated by the velum depressor: tensor veli palatini

A

CN V - trigeminal

141
Q

What are the velum elevator muscles?

A

levator veli palatini, musculus uvulae, and palatopharyngeus

142
Q

What is the CN for the velum elevators?

A

CN X - vagus

143
Q

What is the CN for the mandibular elevators?

A

CN V - trigeminal

144
Q

What is the CN for the following 3 mandibular depressors: anterior belly of digastric muscle, mylohyoid, and lateral/external pterygoid muscle?

A

CN V - trigeminal

145
Q

What is the CN for the following mandibular depressor: geniohyoid?

A

CN XII - hypoglossal

146
Q

What are the suprahyoid muscles?

A
  • hyoglossus
  • genioglossus
  • digastric muscle
  • stylohyoid
  • mylohyoid
  • geniohyoid
147
Q

What are the 3 pharyngeal constrictors? What CN are they innervated by?

A

Superior pharyngeal constrictor, middle pharyngeal constrictor, and inferior pharyngeal constrictor
CN X - vagus

148
Q

What are the 4 extrinsic infrahyoid laryngeal muscles? What CN are they innervated by?

A

sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid, and thyrohyoid
CN XII - hypoglossal

149
Q

What are the pharyngeal elevators?

A

stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, and salpingopharyngeus

150
Q

What CN is the following pharyngeal elevator innervated by: stylopharyngeus

A

CN IX - glossopharyngeal

151
Q

What CNs are the following pharyngeal elevators innervated by: palatopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus?

A

CN X - vagus

152
Q
  • origin and insertion inside larynx
  • controls phonation mostly, but adduction of VF is crucial to swallowing
A

intrinsic muscles

153
Q
  • paired structure associated with phonation
  • origin: angle of thyroid cartilage
  • insertion: vocal processes and anterolateral arytenoids
  • innervation: CN X, vagus (recurrent laryngeal)
  • action: 1. tense and adduct VF if both points are fixed 2. shorten VF and increase cross-sectional mass which lowers pitch
A

thyroarytenoid

154
Q

Which intrinsic muscle contains oblique and transverse fibers?

A

interarytenoids/arytenoids

154
Q
  • paired and narrow fan-shaped
  • antagonist to posterior cricoarytenoid
  • origin: upper border or anterolateral arch of cricoid cartilage
  • insertion: muscle process of arytenoid cartilage
  • innervation: CN X, vagus nerve (recurrent laryngeal)
  • action: regulates medial compression of VF (adducts VF and controls tightness)
A

lateral cricoarytenoid

155
Q
  • at an angle and have a lot of movement
  • origin: posterolateral surface of arytenoid
  • insertion: near apex of opposite arytenoid
  • innervation: CN X, vagus (recurrent laryngeal)
  • action: approximate arytenoid cartilages
A

oblique fibers of interarytenoids

156
Q
  • horizontal fibers
  • origin: lateral and posterior surface of arytenoid
  • insertion: lateral and posterior surface of opposite arytenoid
  • innervation: CN X, vagus (recurrent laryngeal)
  • action: approximate arytenoid cartilages; adduct VF
A

transverse fibers

157
Q
  • origin: anterolateral arch of cricoid
  • insertion: lower margin of thyroid lamina
  • innervation: CN X, vagus (Superior laryngeal nerve)
  • action: decrease distance between thyroid lamina and cricoid; stretch VF and more tension (higher pitch)
A

cricothyroid

158
Q
  • Paired; only muscle that abducts VF
  • origin: posterior surface of cricoid lamina
  • insertion: muscle process of arytenoid
  • action: movement of muscle processes cause arytenoids to pivot, opening VF
A

posterior cricoarytenoid

159
Q

Unilateral damage in intrinsic muscles causes what?

A

hoarseness and reduced stamina

160
Q

bilateral damage in intrinsic muscles causes what?

A

patient is unable to breathe

161
Q

What CN is responsible for hyolaryngeal excursion in the mylohyoid?

A

CN V - trigeminal nerve

162
Q

What CN is responsible for hyolaryngeal excursion in the stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric muscles?

A

CN VII - facial nerve

163
Q

What CN is responsible for pharyngeal constriction in the superior pharyngeal constrictor and pharyngeal widening/shortening in the stylopharyngeus?

A

CN IX - glossopharyngeal nerve

164
Q

What CN is responsible for tongue base retractions in palatoglossus and superior pharyngeal constrictors, pharyngeal construction in pharyngeal constrictors, airway closure in intrinsic laryngeal muscles, UES closing/opening in cricopharyngeus, and esophageal motility to some extent?

A

CN X - vagus nerve

165
Q

What CN is responsible for the hyolaryngeal elevation in the thyrohyoid and geniohyoid?

A

CN XII - hypoglossal nerve

Adult Dysphagia (1 decks)

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