Exam 1 Flashcards
What is the central dogma about molecular transcription and translation
Genes on DNA are transcribed to mRNA and translated on ribosomes to peptides
What is the outward appearance of an organism resulting from genotype plus environment
phenotype
What does 100% penetrance mean?
all individuals that have that genotype will also express that phenotype of interest
What protein is involved in making a gene more likely to be expressed
general transcription factor
What disorder is considered to be inherited as a dominant Mendelian trait
Huntington’s
What is an SNP
a single nucleotide polymorphism that is used in linkage studies to help determine whether a disease is present
What process occurs during meiosis that allows us to identify the relative location of genes or polymorphisms on a chromosomes
dependent inheritance
define the primary structure of a protein
the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide
how is the resting potential of a neuron generated/maintained
sodium-potassium pump
how do voltage sodium channels behave
they open quickly with depolarization and then inactivate
What brain region is most involved in the CS-US association in auditory fear conditioning
lateral amygdala
which receptor is closely linked to anxiety
5HT-1A
what effect does the activation of 5HT 1a receptor have on anxiety
decreases it
how do SSRIs affect a specific neurotransmitter’s function
blocking reuptake
Which is a way that a synapse may adjust to compensate for over stimulation to make the synapse less sensitive
NMDA activation by PKA
what is the role of the hippocampus during a stress response
to inhibit the HPA axis
what does the monoamine hypothesis of depression state
increasing monoamine concentration in the brain should reduce depression
What is a common polymorphism used in linkage analysis
SNP’s
Name the two basic protein primary structures
A protein in primary structure is made of a chain of amino acids and a protein in secondary structure includes alpha-helix and B-pleated sheets
What does it mean if there is 100% concordance for a trait between identical twins
If there is 100% concordance for a trait between identical twins, it means both twins always exhibit the same phenotype for that trait. Since identical twins share identical genetic material, this suggests that the trait’s phenotype is entirely determined by genetics, with no significant influence from environmental factors. In other words, whenever one twin displays a particular phenotype, the other twin does as well, indicating that the expression of the trait is genetically controlled.
What is the purpose of a linkage analysis
the purpose of linkage analysis is to physically locate a gene of interest associated with a phenotype in the genome. essentially looking for a marker in hopes of identifying an unknown trait
identify a disadvantage or difficulty in performing a linkage analysis
One major difficulty in conducting linkage analysis is that it requires studying large, multigenerational families
What is an RFLP, and what type of polymorphism is it used to identify
An RFLP is a restriction fragmented length polymorphism and they are used to identify SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms
Very briefly identify two shortcomings of the limbic system model of emotion as discussed by Ledoux
Hard to measure emotion because it is complex, the only measurable output is blood pressure and the release of stress hormones. Studies would inherently be subjective and emotions are grouped together
