Exam 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another
Physiology
Study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities
Gross/Macroscopic anatomy
the study of large, visible structures
Regional anatomy
looks at all structures in a particular area
of the body
System anatomy
looks at just one system
Surface anatomy
looks at internal structures as they relate
to overlying skin (visible muscle masses or veins seen on surface)
Microscopic Anatomy
deals with structures too small to be seen by
naked eye
Cytology
cells
Histology
tissues
Developmental Anatomy
studies anatomical and physiological
development throughout life
Embryology
study of developments before birth
Interrelationship between anatomy and physiology
- Function always reflects structure
- What a structure can do depends on its specific form
- Known as the principle of complementarity of structure and function
Chemical level
Atoms, molecules
Cellular level
cells, organelles
Tissue level
Types of tissues (epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous).
Organ level
Organs and their functions
Organ system level
Systems (e.g., cardiovascular, digestive).
Organismal level
whole organism
Nutrients
chemicals for energy and cell building
Carbohydrates
major source of energy
Proteins
needed for cell building and cell chemistry
Fats
long-term energy storage
Minerals and vitamins
involved in chemical reactions as well as for structural
purposes
Oxygen
Essential for release of energy from foods
Water
Most abundant chemical in body; provides the watery environment needed for chemical reactions
Body Tempurature
If body temp falls below or goes above 37°C, rates of chemical reactions are affected
Atmospheric pressure
Specific pressure of air is needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs
Homeostasis
the maintenance of relatively stable internal
conditions despite continuous changes in environment
* A dynamic state of equilibrium, always readjusting as needed
* Maintained by contributions of all organ systems
Receptor
senses the enviroment
ex. pain, temperature
Control center
- recieves input
- decides what needs to happen
ex. brain and spinal chord
Effector (exit)
- output from the control center
Negative feedback (most common)
in opposition
ex. going from hot to cold