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Plant Physiology > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main types of tissues in plants?

A

dermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue

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2
Q

Dermal Tissue

A

The outermost layer of a plant, provides protection and does water and gas exchange.

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3
Q

Epidermis

A

outermost single layer of cells in the dermal tissue

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4
Q

Trichomes

A

modified epidermal cells, for protection and water retention

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5
Q

Stomata

A

two guard cells enclosing an aperture, regulate transpiration

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6
Q

Ground tissue

A

internal tissues that make up the bulk of the plant (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma)

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7
Q

Parenchyma

A

thin cell walls, provide storage and photosynthesis

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8
Q

Palisade Parenchyma

A

filled with chloroplasts, line the epidermal cells

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9
Q

Spongy parenchyma

A

filled with chloroplasts, have a lot of intracellular space to allow for gas movement and exchange

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10
Q

Collenchyma

A

perform metabolic processes, provide storage, transport, and mechanical strength

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11
Q

Sclerenchyma

A

have a secondary cell wall (strength and hydrophobicity)

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12
Q

Xylem

A

nutrient and water transport, functional cells are dead at maturity

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13
Q

Xylem tracheids

A

long and narrow, with tapered ends

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14
Q

Xylem vessel elements

A

very wide, have blunt ends and end wall perforation (primary cell wall dissolves at the pit pairs)

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15
Q

Phloem

A

sugar and phytohormone transport

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16
Q

Sieve tube element

A

movement over long distances, devoid of most cell elements at maturity to provide decreased resistance

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17
Q

Companion cell (phloem)

A

has all of the typical cell elements, helps keep the sieve tube element alive

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18
Q

Sieve plate

A

extensive amount of plasmodesmata connections on the end wall of the sieve tube element

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19
Q

Middle lamella

A

occupies the space between adjacent cells, helps glue them together

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20
Q

Primary cell wall

A

established during cell division, increases in surface area as a cell expands

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21
Q

What proteins are involved in cell wall loosening?

A

expansin, XTH, endoglucanases, and pectin modifying enzymes

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22
Q

Acid growth hypothesis

A

cell wall expansion accelerates with acidic conditions, this is because expansin performs better in acidic conditions, and it helps create slippage between bonds

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23
Q

C-value paradox

A

the size of the genome does not always correspond to the complexity of the organism

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24
Q

how is genome size measured?

A

sequencing or fluorocytometry

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25
Q

nucleosome

A

DNA coiled around 8 histone proteins

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26
Q

Chromatin

A

nucleosomes + linker DNA

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27
Q

Heterochromatin

A

tightly arranged chromatin that is not active

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28
Q

Euchromatin

A

transcriptionally active, can be as low as 10-15% of total chromatin

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29
Q

Chloroplasts

A

plastid that performs photosynthesis

30
Q

Chromoplasts

A

plastid that stores and provides pigment

31
Q

Amyloplasts

A

plastids that store starch

32
Q

Leucoplasts

A

plastid that synthezizes and stores secondary metabolites

33
Q

What kinds of solutes are stored in vacuoles?

A
  • mineral nutrients: potassium, nitrates, phosphates
  • sugars: sucrose, fructose, glucose
  • organic acids: molate, citric acid
34
Q

tonoplast membrane

A

lipid bilayer membrane found in vacuoles

35
Q

Peripheral protein

A

proteins that are easily removed from the plasma membrane

36
Q

Integral proteins

A

proteins that are not easy to remove from the plasma membrane, very important for solute transport, ex: aquaporins

37
Q

What is the consequence of unsaturated fatty acids in the lipid membrane?

A

unsaturated fatty acids can cause kinks in the hydrophobic tail, which lead to gaps in the membrane

38
Q

What are the main constituents of the primary cell wall?

A

cellulose, cross-linking glycans, pectins, and proteins

39
Q

Where is cellulose made in the cell?

A

on the plasma membrane by the cellulose synthase complex

40
Q

Where are cross-linking glycans and pectin made in the cell?

A

golgi apparatus

41
Q

Where are proteins made in the cell?

A

synthesis begins in the cytoplasm, then moves to the ER

42
Q

What is cellobiose?

A

two units of glucose connected with a beta 1,4 linkage

43
Q

How is cellulose made?

A

repeating units of cellobiose

44
Q

What is the ultimate precursor to lignin?

A

aromatic amino acid -> phenylalanine

45
Q

purpose of cross-linking glycans

A

potentially cross-link cellulose microfibrils, forming a network

46
Q

Where in the cell is lignin synthesized?

A

cytoplasm

47
Q

anisotropic growth

A

cell growth can occur in all directions

48
Q

isotropic growth

A

growth only occurs perpendicular to microfibril orientation

49
Q

meristematic cell function

A

divide and replicate -> how plants grow

50
Q

the root apex generates new ______

A

cells

51
Q

where does the majority of nutrient acquisition and water uptake happen?

A

roots

52
Q

what is the closest thing plants have to a brain?

A

the shoot and root apical meristems- they process information from different sources and coordinate growth and development of the plant

53
Q

vascular tissue

A

xylem and phloem- water and nutrient transportation

54
Q

plasmodesmata

A

on plasma membrane, facilitate communication and transport between cells

55
Q

what genomes are present within a cell?

A

nucleus, plastids, and mitochondria

56
Q

Arabidopsis thaliana

A

has one of the smallest plant genomes - was the first plant to ever be sequenced

57
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

assembles rRNA and proteins into large and small subunits

58
Q

thylakoid membrane

A
  • the membranes within chloroplasts
  • pigments are embedded here
  • where the light reactions take place
59
Q

pro-plastids

A

mother plastid that can be turned into a specialized plastid, they don’t have an extensive membrane network at this stage

60
Q

granum

A

stacks of thylakoid membranes inside chloroplasts

61
Q

stroma

A
  • the non-membrane component of the chloroplast
  • carbon fixation occurs here
  • rubisco
62
Q

stroma lamellae/thylakoid

A

the thylakoid connections between granum

63
Q

mitochondria

A
  • semi-autonomous, can divide independently
  • contains DNA, still requires nucleolar DNA for many proteins
64
Q

replication of plastids and mitochondria

A
  • replication independent of cell division
  • the cell communicate a need for more
  • occurs through fission
65
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • membrane network within the cell
  • provides membranes components and proteins to other organelles
  • can extend between cells though plasmodesmata
66
Q

Smooth ER function

A

lipid biosynthesis and storeage

67
Q

Rough ER function

A

protein synthesis

68
Q

golgi apparatus function

A
  • pectin synthesis
  • cross-linking glycan synthesis
  • accept vesicles from ER and transfer to plasma membrane
    rndocytosis
69
Q

endocytosis

A

membrance/vesicle movement from plasma membrane to the golgi apparatus, then to vacuoles

70
Q

pits

A

regions without a secondary cell wall within vascular tissues, allow water and nutrients to move between cells

71
Q
A

Plant Physiology (3 decks)

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