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Data Analysis > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

A set of observations drawn from the population of interest

A

A sample

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2
Q

Includes all possible observations about which we would like to know

A

a population

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3
Q

Why are samples most often used

A

researchers are rarely able to study every person in a populations

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4
Q

obersvations of physical, attitudinal, and behavioural characteristics that can take on different values

A

Variables

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5
Q

what is a variable

A

any observation of a characteristic that can take on different values

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6
Q

____ observations can only take on specific values (whole numbers)

A

Discrete

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7
Q

_____ observationos can take on a full range of values

A

continuous

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8
Q

is a nominal variable discrete or continuous?

A

discrete

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9
Q

is an ordinal variable discrete or continuous?

A

discrete

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10
Q

___ variables are used for observations that have categories or names as their values. they are qualitative, not quantitative

A

nominal

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11
Q

____ variables are used for observations that have rankings as their values (i.e. 1st, 2nd, 3rd)

A

ordinal

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12
Q

what are the two types of variables that are discrete?

A

ordinal and nominal

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13
Q

what are the two types of variables that are continuous?

A

interval and ratio

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14
Q

_____ variables are used for observations with a numerical value and a relative, arbitrary zero

A

interval variables

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15
Q

what kind of variable is temperature?

A

interval

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16
Q

____ variables are variables that have numerical values, but zero is meaningful

A

ratio

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17
Q

which type of observations exist on a scale?

A

conintuous observation

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18
Q

a scale variable is another term for a _____ variable that meets criteria to be either interval or ratio

A

continuous

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19
Q

_____ are the discrete values or conditions that variables can take on

A

levels

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20
Q

what is a predictor variable

A

has at least two levels that can either be manipulated or observed to determine its effects on the outcome variable

another word for independent variable

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21
Q

what is an outcome variable

A

another word for dependent variable

the variable that is hypothesised to be related to or caused by changes in the predictor variable

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22
Q

what is a confounding variable

A

any variable that impacts the predictor variable so that you cannot logically determine which variable is causing the change

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23
Q

the variable that you are measuring is called the

A

dependent variable

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24
Q

the variable that is the established conditions is called the

A

independent variable

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25
Q

which variable is the variable you change

A

independent variable

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26
Q

which variaable is the variable impacted by the change

A

dependent variable

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27
Q

a ____ measure is consistent

A

reliable

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28
Q

a ____ measure measures what it is intended to measure

A

valid

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29
Q

can a measure be valid but not reliable?

A

no

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30
Q

can a measure be reliable but not valid?

A

yes

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31
Q

what does a measure need to do in order to be valid

A

measure what it is supposed to with consistency

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32
Q

drawing conclusions based on whether data supports the hypothesis

A

hypothesis testing

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33
Q

what is an operational definition

A

the specific operations and procedures used to measure or manipulate a variable

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34
Q

an association between two or more variables

A

correlation

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35
Q

a type of predictor variable in which the researcher manipulates the levels of that variable

A

independent variable

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36
Q

a type of outcome variable in which the researcher measures the response to the manipulation of the IV

A

dependent variable

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37
Q

a study in which participants are randomly assigned to a condition or level of one or more independent variabled

A

experiment

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38
Q

with _____ _______, every participant in the study has equal chance of being assignedd to any group or experiemental condition

A

random assignment

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39
Q

what is a between groups research design?

A

participants only experience one level of the IV. only measured once

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40
Q

what is a within groups research design

A

participants in the study experience the different levels of the IV. measured more than once

41
Q

what is replication

A

the duplication of scientific results, ideally in a different context or with a sample that has different characteristics

42
Q

what is it called when researchers outline their research design and analysis plan before conducting a stuy

A

preregistration

43
Q

data in its original state before anything is done to is is called

A

raw scores

44
Q

describes the pattern of a set of numbers by displaying a count or proportion for each possible value of a variable

A

frequency distribution

45
Q

a visual depiction of data that shows how often each value occurred

A

frequency table

46
Q

what is an outlier

A

an extreme score that is either very high or very low in comparison to the rest of the scores in a sample

47
Q

allows researchers to depict data visually by reporting frequencies within a given interval, rather than the frequencies for a specific value

A

grouped frequency table

48
Q

when is a grouped frequency table helpful

A

when you have a lot of data that would make a normal frquency table hard to analyse

49
Q

what is a histogram

A

looks like a bar graph but only depicts one variable and its frequencies

50
Q

a frequency distribution that is bell shaped, symetric, and unimodal

A

normal distribution

51
Q

distributions in which one of the tails is pulled away from the center

A

skewed distributionos

52
Q

when a distribution is positively skewed the tail is pulled to the _____

A

right

53
Q

when a distribution is negatively skewed, the tail is pulled to the ____

A

left

54
Q

situation that prevents variables from taking on a value below a certain point

A

floor effect

55
Q

is floor effect part of a positive or negative skewer

A

positive

56
Q

is ceiling effect part of positivev or negative skew

A

negative

57
Q

what is the ceiling effect

A

variables prevented from taking on a value above a certain point

58
Q

graph that displays each data point in a sample with the range of scores along the x axis and a dot for each data point above the appropriate value

A

dot plot

59
Q

a graph that depicts the relation between two continuous variables

A

scatterplot

60
Q

when are scatterplots commonly used

A

in correlational research

61
Q

in a _____ graph, every line can reveal a relationship due to how it curves or breaks

A

scatterplot

62
Q

a ______ ______ between two variables means that the relationship is best described by a straight line

A

linear relation

63
Q

a _____ _____ between two variables means that the relationship is best described by a line that breaks or curves in some way

A

nonlinear relation

64
Q

used to illustrate the relation between two continuous variables

A

line graphs

65
Q

what is a time plot (or time series plot)

A

a graph that plots a continuous variable on the y axis as it changes over an increment of time (labelled on the x axis)

66
Q

a visual depiction of data in which the IV is nominal or ordinal, and the DV is continuous. the height represents the average value of the DV for each category

A

bar graph

67
Q

a type of bar graph in which the categories along the x axis are ordered from highest bar to lowest bar

A

pareto chart

68
Q

what is a pie chart

A

graph in the shape of a circle, with a slice for every level of the IV. size of slice represents proportion of each level/category

69
Q

if therer is one continuous variable with frequencies, which type of graph should you use

A

a histogram

70
Q

if there is one continuous IV and one continuous DV, what two types of graphs can you use

A

scatterplot or line graph

71
Q

if there is one nominal or ordinal IV and one continuous DV what type of graph should you use

A

bar graph

72
Q

if there are two or more nominal or ordinal IV and one continuous DV what type of graph should you use

A

bar graph

73
Q

what is chartjunk

A

unnneccesary info or feature in a graph that detracts from ability to understand data

74
Q

what is a moire vibration

A

any visual pattern that creates a distracting impression of vibration or movement

75
Q

a background pattern like graph paper that data is presented on and makes bars confusing

A

grid

76
Q

features of data that has been dressed up to be something other than just data

A

ducks

77
Q

______ _____ allows us to visualise every point in the dta set while displaying summary statistics

A

strip plots

78
Q

the descriptivev stat that best represents the center of a data set

A

central tendency

79
Q

how is the mean calculated

A

adding all values and dividing by how many values there are

80
Q

numbers basedd on samples taken from a population are called

A

statistics

81
Q

numbers based on whole populations are called

A

parameters

82
Q

what is the median

A

the middle when scores arrnged in order

83
Q

how is the median calculated

A

values ordered, find middle score

for even number of values find the average of the middle two scores

84
Q

what is the mode

A

scrore the appears most frequently in a data set

85
Q

how is mode calculateded

A

counting how many times a score appears and taking the most common one

86
Q

when a distribution of scores has one mode it is called

A

unimodal

87
Q

when a distribution of scores as two modes is is called

A

bimodal

88
Q

when a distributiono of scores has more than two modeas is is called

A

multimodal

89
Q

if a distribution of scores is complletely even the mode is called

A

trick question. there is no mode

90
Q

a numerical way of describing how much spread there is in a distribution

A

variability

91
Q

measure of variability that is calculated by subtracting the lowest score fromm the highest score

A

range

92
Q

what is the interquartile range

A

measure of the distance between the first and third quartiles

93
Q

what is a box plot

A

a graph that depicts overal distribution of a data set. lower end marks first quartile, upper end marks third quartile

94
Q

the average of the squared deviations from the mean

A

variance

95
Q

when is mode used

A
  • when one score really dominates
  • distribution is bimodal or multimodal
  • data is nominal
96
Q

the amount that a score in a sample differs from the mean of the sample

A

deviation from the mean

97
Q

how to calculate variance

A
  • subtract mean from evevry score
  • square every deviationo
  • sum all squared deviations
  • divide sum of squares by total number in the sample
98
Q

the square root of the average if the squared deviations from the mean

A

standard deviation

99
Q

how to find standard deviation

A

unsquare the variance -> take the square root

Data Analysis (2 decks)

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