EXAM 1 Flashcards
Process information in a way that appropriate mental and motor responses will occur
Integrative decisions
The _________contains high amounts of Na+ ions.
extracellular fluid
It occurs across the cell membrane
It occurs against an energy gradient
It requires use of a carrier protein
It requires high amounts of energy
active transport
A voltage gated channel is regulated by:
electrical signals
Facilitated diffusion is limited by
The rate at which the carrier protein can work
The sodium-potassium pump transfers
Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell
The sodium potassium pump creates a net __________ charge on the inside of the cell
negative
The end result of anaerobic glycolysis is
lactic acid formation
the process by which glucose can be formed from proteins and fats is called
gluconeogenesis
The majority of ATP is formed in which part of carbohydrate metabolism
electron transport chain
In a hypotonic solution, cells will
swell as water moves inside the cell
the difference in charge between the inside and outside of the cell
membrane potential
When the membrane potential is less negative (more positive) than baseline, it is called
depolarization
In a voltage gated sodium channel, the inactivation gate will not reopen until
the nerve fiber has returned to resting potential
The sodium channels close
at the peak positive charge between depolarization and repolarization
When action potentials are conducted from one Node of Ranvier to another node, it is called
saltatory conduction
In the central nervous system, the most common type of synapse is
chemical
In the synapse in the CNS, which ion triggers the vesicles to release neurotransmitter into the synapse?
Ca
An excitatory response
Increases positive charge inside the cell
When multiple synapses on a neuron are firing at the same time and trigger an action potential, this is called
spatial summation
The second messenger system uses which substance to relay signals from the extracellular portion of the receptor to the interior part of the cell?
g proteins
On the actin filament, Ca2+ binds on
troponin
Maintain the side by side relationship of actin and myosin
titan
What serves as the limit to each end of the sarcomere unit
z disc
An extensive SR to facilitate rapid release of Ca2+ ions
fast fibers
Which type of force summation occurs as a result of multiple motor units contracting simulatenously
multiple fiber summation
Motor units are recruited from smallest to largest
true
in the neuromuscular junction, what triggers the vesicles to release acetylcholine?
The opening of voltage gated Ca2+ channels to allow for calcium ion influx
In a muscle cell, Ca2+ is stored in
sarcoplasmic reticulum
In smooth muscle contraction, Ca2+ binds to
calmodulin (CaM)
In smooth muscle, when ATPase activity is decreased, what occurs?
decreased muscle tension
Which part of Mickey Mouse’s brain is processing the information as it comes in from his peripheral nerves that his sweater is uncomfortable?
integrative decision
Sensory information enters the spinal cord by way of the
dorsal root
Which type of neuron is responsible for maintaining muscle tone?
gamma motor neuron
Which type of reflex prevents tendon avulsion from muscle overstretch?
golgi tendon reflex
A large portion of the primary motor cortex is devoted to control of which muscle groups?
muscles of hand and speech
The cerebellum has an important role in regulating
balance
Damage to the hippocampus will cause the patient to have difficulty with
retaining new information
The sympathetic nerve fibers originate in the spinal cord between which segments?
t1-l2
Adrenergic nerves release which neurotransmitter at their nerve endings
norepinephrine
anterior motor neuron that is responsible for muscle contraction
alpha motor neurons
what has more muscle spindles larger muscles or smaller muscles
smaller muscles with fine movement have more
when a muscle spindle is slowly stretched
static response
