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Psychopathology and Mental Health > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

3 Main Components of a Mental Disorder

A
  1. A set of symptoms/atypical behaviors that appear together that represent a specific disorder
  2. Persistence of symptom is important
  3. Impairment in daily life activities such as work, school, relationships
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2
Q

Methods of Defining Atypical Behavior

A
  1. Subjective discomfort – emphasis on individual’s experience of personal distress
  2. Statistical Norms – how common or rare is the behavior?
  3. Harmful Dysfunction – Behavior is a product of disruptions in thought, feeling, communication, perception and/or motivation
    Behavior leads to significant harm
  4. DSM-5 – emphasis on consequences
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3
Q

DSM-5 Definition of Atypical

A

Group of symptoms characterized by significant difficulties thinking, feeling or behaving

Consequences are distressing in social, occupational or other important activities

Not a culturally sanctioned response to an event

Not primarily due to violations of social norms

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4
Q

Incidence Definition

A

Number of new cases of a disorder in a population

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5
Q

Prevalence defintion

A

Total number of active cases (old and new)

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6
Q

Lifetime Prevalence

A

Proportion of people who have been affected by the disorder at some point in their lives

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7
Q

Disease Burden Defintion

A

Considers lost years of healthy life that may be caused by the disease/disorder

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8
Q

Which mental disorder has the highest disease burden?

A

Depression followed by schizophrenia

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9
Q

Fever Therapy

A

Blood from people with malaria injected into psychiatric patients so they would develop a fever

Observation that symptoms sometimes disappeared in patients ill with typhoid fever

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10
Q

Insulin Coma Therapy

A

Insulin injected into patients to lower sugar content of the blood and induce hypoglycemic state and deep coma

Observed mental changes among diabetic addicts treated with insulin

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11
Q

Lobotomy

A

Hole bored in skull, and sharp knife was inserted to severe nerve fibers connecting the frontal lobes to rest of brain

Observation that this procedure in chimps led to reductions in displays of negative emotion during stress

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12
Q

4 Paradigms

A

Biological, Psychodynamic, Cognitive–Behavioral, and Humanistic

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13
Q

Biological Paradigm Theory

A

Biological abnormalities cause atypical behavior

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14
Q

Biological Paradigm Goals

A
  1. Accurate Diagnosis
  2. Identifying biological cause
  3. Developing treatment to prevent, eliminate or alter the cause
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15
Q

Psychodynamic Paradigm Theory

A

Theory: abnormal behavior is caused by unconscious mental conflicts from early childhood

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16
Q

Hysteria

A

caused by psychological conflicts unconsciously converted into physical symptoms

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17
Q

Id

A

Present at birth
Biological and psychological drives: hunger, sex, aggression
Seeks immediate gratification
Unconscious drives

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18
Q

Ego

A

Deals with reality
Begins to develop at 1 year of age and continues to evolve
Conscious awareness

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19
Q

Superego

A

Conscience
Societal standard, learn as age
Needs to govern Id’s impulses

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20
Q

3 Defense Mechanisms in the Psychodynamic Paradigm

A

Denial, Projection, and Displacement

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21
Q

Which defense mechanism is this: Accuse someone of thinking you aren’t good enough at something, when in fact it’s you that feels that way about self

A

Projection

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22
Q

Which defense mechanism is this: Get a bad grade and go home and yell at roommate about mess

A

Displacement

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23
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm theory

A

Atypical behavior is the product of learning

Incorporate perspectives from behaviorism and cognitive science

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24
Q

Who were the 2 leading contributors to learning theory

A

Pavlov (1928) – classical conditioning
Skinner (1953) – operant conditioning

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25
Q

Cognitive Behavior Paradigm Theory

A

Theory: Mental illness caused by maladaptive learning & conditioning

Problem behavior continues if it is reinforced

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26
Q

Humanist Paradigm Theory

A

Human behavior is the product of free will

Focus on considering all aspects of a person

If our needs are unmet by society we will have trouble

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27
Q

What is the inborn human nature according to the psychodymanic approach

A

aggressive, sexual

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28
Q

What is the inborn human nature according to the biological approach

A

Competitive, but some altruism

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29
Q

What is the inborn human nature according to the cognitive behavioral approach

A

neutral – blank state

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30
Q

What is the inborn human nature according to the humanistic approach

A

basic goodness

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31
Q

Systems Theory

A

Integrative approach across paradigms

Emphasizes multiple contributions to causality (e.g., biological, and learning)

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32
Q

Biopsychosocial Model

A

To understand a person’s experience, it’s important to understand biological, psychological, and social factors and how they relate to cause mental illness

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33
Q

Equifinality

A

there are multiple routes to the same disorder

34
Q

Multifinality

A

same event can lead to different outcomes

35
Q

Reciprocal Causality

A

cause and effect are matters of perspective

36
Q

Diathesis Stress Model

A

predisposition towards a disorder, stressful life event triggers disorder

37
Q

Two causes of mental illness through the biological approach

A

Neuroscience
Genetics

38
Q

Major components of Neuroscience

A

Neurons and neurotransmitters
Structure and function of the human brain
The autonomic nervous system
The neuroendocrine system

39
Q

How do neurotransmitters contribute to psychopathology?

A

Too much or too little

Insufficient reuptake

Faulty neurotransmitters receptors

40
Q

Serotonin

A

“The mood stabilizer”
Helps regulate mood, sleep, anxiety

41
Q

Dopamine

A

“The reward system”
Pleasure, learning, motivation, memory and mood

42
Q

GABA

A

“The calmer”
Helps control anxiety, improve concentration and sleep

43
Q

Norepinephrine

A

“Fight or Flight”
Increases blood pressure, effects on alertness / focus

44
Q

What does the temporal lobe control?

A

Language, sexuality, emotion, hearing, and memory

45
Q

What does the parietal lobe control?

A

sensory, perception, and movement

46
Q

What does the occipital lobe control?

A

Vision

47
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

Coordination

48
Q

What does the frontal lobe control?

A

Decision making, impulse control, judgement, and emotion control

49
Q

What does the anterior cingulate control?

A

mood regulation, attention, and emotion

50
Q

What does the hippocampus control?

A

memory

51
Q

What does the amygdala control?

A

emotional salience

52
Q

Functional Connectivity

A

How different areas of the brain interact with each other

We can see either decreased and increased connectivity in psychopathology relative to controls

53
Q

How does the structure and volume of the brain relate to psychopathology

A

Differences in structure and volume really only show up for serious mental illness like schizophrenia and dementia

For schizophrenia, we see decreased hippocampus and increase lateral ventricle

For dementia, we see the brain tissue shrinking

54
Q

Endocrine System

A

Glands throughout the body that produce hormones

Hormones influence behavior

Disruptions can cause symptoms such as fatigue, low mood, anxiety

Thyroid common culprit for depression-like symptoms

55
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Responsible for physiologic reactions

Sympathetic – increased arousal – “fight or flight”

Parasympathetic –”rest and digest” - slowing arousal, energy conservation

56
Q

When viewing social interaction scenes MZ twins show greater probability of:

A

Shifting eyes at the same moments
Shifting eyes in the same subsequent directions
Fixating the same semantic content at the same moments

57
Q

Heritibility Definition

A

How important genes are relative to other factors

58
Q

Three challenges with using genetics to discuss psychopathology

A
  1. Recognizing complexity
    Several genes contributing to a specific disorder
    Small effect
  2. Most genetic vulnerability appears to increase risk broadly for multiple disorders rather than one specific disorder
  3. Understanding relationship between genes and behavior/environment
    – Can’t change our genes, but we can change environmental and psychological factors to help reduce our risk
59
Q

What community reports the highest rates of mental illness in the US?

A

Native and Indigenous American adults

60
Q

Biological Treatments

A

Antidepressants
Antipsychotics
Stimulants

61
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy

A

inducing a seizure by passing electricity through brain

Milder than in the past
Short term memory loss – retrograde amnesia
Last resort when other treatments don’t work – works fast

62
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Seek to uncover inner conflicts and bring to conscious awareness

Key Techniques:
Free Association – say whatever crossed mind – “window to unconscious”
Interpretation = key tool
Therapeutic Neutrality – distant

63
Q

Pscyhoanalysis Key Techniques

A

Key Techniques:
Therapeutic Neutrality – distant
Transference = patient transfers feelings about someone in life on to therapist
Countertransference = therapist letting own feelings influence response to patient

Long term, frequent, expensive

64
Q

Psychodynamic therapy

A

uncover hidden motivations, insight is important

Key techniques:
Therapist more active than in psychoanalysis
Past experiences shape the present, focus on early life experiences
Focus on how awareness of past shapes present
Can be shorter than psychoanalytic, less frequent – new short term Psychodynamic

65
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

A

Key Techniques:
Collaborative relationship
Focus on present and direct efforts for change
Structured
Homework
Skills based

Shorter term; booster sessions

66
Q

3 Steps to Systematic Desensitization

A

Step 1: Relaxation techniques

Step 2: Build fear hierarchy

Step 3: Exposure

67
Q

3rd Wave of Psychological Talk Therapy

A

Expand beyond cognition and behavior

Increase focus on emotions, mindfulness, acceptance

Examples:
DBT – mindfulness & tolerating distress
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) – acceptance and change
Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy

68
Q

3 Types of Prevention

A

Primary prevention – improve environment to prevent new cases of mental disorder

Secondary prevention – early detection

Tertiary Prevention – intervention after illness has been identified + indirect consequences of illness (e.g., unemployment, housing)

69
Q

Reliability Definiton

A

Reliability = Consistency of measurement

69
Q
A
70
Q

Types of Reliability

A

Test-retest
Interrater Reliability

71
Q

What is interrater reliability?

A

When two doctors diagnose the same disorder?

72
Q

Which disorders have the highest test-retest reliability

A

PTSD, Autism, and ADHD

73
Q

What are the limitations of the DSM-5?

A

Clinicians may adopt different definitions for symptoms
Boundaries between ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ with arbitrary cutoffs
Comorbidity

74
Q

What are the purposes of clinical assement?

A

To understand the individual
To predict behavior
To plan treatment
To evaluate treatment outcome

75
Q

What are 4 types of psychological tests?

A

Projective Tests
Personality Inventories
Intelligence Testing
Neuropsychological Tests

76
Q

Projective Tests

A

Project aspects of personality onto ambiguous stimuli – access the unconscious

Roots in psychoanalytic tradition

High degree of inference in scoring and interpretation

Reliability and validity data tend to be mixed

77
Q

Ecological Momentary Assessment

A

Individuals self-monitor and track their own behavior – e.g., moods, stressful events, thoughts, etc.

Data collected in real time using diaries, phones or apps

Can be used in self-monitoring: systematic recording of specific targets such as thoughts, emotions, behaviors (e.g., sleep logs, food logs, frequency of intrusive thoughts)

78
Q

Can you diagnose mental illnesses with neurobiological assessment

A

no

79
Q
A

Psychopathology and Mental Health (2 decks)

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