Exam 1 Flashcards
giga symbol
G
giga factor
10^9
mega symbol
M
mega factor
10^6
kilo symbol
k
kilo factor
10^3
hecto symbol
h
hecto factor
10^2
deka symbol
da
deka factor
10^1
deci symbol
d
deci factor
10^-1
centi symbol
c
centi factor
10^-2
milli symbol
m
milli factor
10^-3
micro symbol
u
micro factor
10^-6
nano symbol
n
nano factor
10^-9
pico symbol
p
pico factor
10^-12
femto symbol
f
femto factor
10^-15
atto symbol
a
atto factor
10^-18
zepto symbol
z
zepto factor
10^-21
1 inch =
2.54 cm
1 cal =
4.184 J
delta H = (+)
heat is absorbed, endothermic
delta H = (-)
heat is liberated, exothermic
delta S = (+)
products more disordered than reactants
delta S = (-)
products less disordered than reactants
free energy =
delta G = delta H - T(delta S)
free energy and equilibrium =
K = e^-(delta G knot)/RT
R =
8.314 J/molK
If a reaction is at equilibrium and products are added (or reactants are removed)
the reaction goes to the left (reactant favored)
If a reaction at equilibrium and reactants are added (or products are removed)
the reaction goes to the right (product favored)
delta g
change in free energy
delta h
change in enthalpy
delta s
change in entropy
length SI unit
meter (m)
mass SI unit
kilogram (kg)
time SI unit
second (s)
electric current SI unit
ampere (A)
temperature SI unit
kelvin (K)
luminous intensity SI unit
candela (cd)
amount of substance SI unit
mole (mol)
plane angle SI unit
radian (rad)
solid angle SI unit
steradian (sr)
frequency SI unit
hertz (Hz)
force SI unit
newton (N)
pressure SI unit
pascal (Pa)
Energy, work, quantity of heat SI unit
joule (J)
Power, radiant flux SI unit
watt (W)
Quantity of electricity, electric charge SI unit
coulomb (C)
Electric potential, potential difference, electromotive force SI unit
volt (V)
Electric resistance SI unit
ohm (omega)
electric capacitance SI unit
farad (F)
ppm
mass of substance/mass of sample x 10^6
ppb
mass of substance/mass of sample x 10^9
dilution formula
M1V1=M2V2
Relative uncertainty
absolute uncertainty/magnitude of measurement
percent relative uncertainty
100 x relative uncertainty
standard deviation
s = sqrt((sum(xi-xbar)^2)/(n-1))
delta G = +
reaction is unfavorable
delta G = -
reaction is favorable
equilibrium constant
K=[C]^c[D]^d/[A]^a[B]^b
Gibbs Free Energy of Reaction
delta G knot = -RTlnK
large K
product favored
small K
reactant favored
Gibb’s Test
outlier-bar/standard deviation
Q-test
for outliers
Qexp =
Gap/Range
Qexp>Qtable
reject the data with the indicated confidence level
Qexp<Qtable
Retain the data point
|xbar1-xbar2|<tspooled(sqrt(N1+N2)/N1N2))
Accept the null hypothesis
Confidence interval equation
u = xbar +- ts/sqrt(N)
+- 1 o =
68.3%
+- 2 o =
95.5%
+- 3 o =
99.7%
addition and subtraction propagation of error
sy = sqrt((sa)^2+(sb)^2)
multiplication and division propagation of error
sy/y = sqrt((są/a)^2 + (sb/b)^2
molarity (M)
moles of solute/liters of solution
molality (m)
moles of solute/kg of solvent
spooled =
sqrt((sum(xi-xbar)^2 + sum(xi-xbar)^2)/N1+N2-2)
