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Abnormal Psychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the definition of psychopathology?

A

the study of abnormal psychology. understanding, treating, and preventing psychological dysfunction

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2
Q

what are the 4 D’s of abnormality

A

dysfunction
distress
devient
dangerousness

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3
Q

what is the common belief about the disease model?

A

mental illness is a disease process; behaviors, thoughts, and feelings are pathological

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4
Q

What is the modern view of the disease model?

A

mental disorders are a collection of problelms

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5
Q

trephination

A

drilling holes in the head to release evil spirits

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6
Q

yin/yang representation

A

positive yang must be in balance with negative yin for happiness

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7
Q

were the greeks, romans, and egyptians dominated by spiritual or biologcal theories

A

biological theories

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8
Q

where does “hysteria” come from

A

greek for “uterus”
greek’s version of wandering uterus

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9
Q

Hippocrates’ view of abnormal psychology

A

4 humors: blood, phlem, black bile, yellow bile
4 catagories of abnormal behavior: mania, epilepsy, melancholia, brain fever
need to restore balance to humors

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10
Q

what is the main idea of the mental hygeine movement

A

people had problems dues to their separation from nature and rapid social changes

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11
Q

what did Philippe Pinel do?

A

took over french asylum. let patients roam freely and made the facilities clean with good food

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12
Q

What did William Tuke do?

A

opened Quaker asylum in england called “The Retreat”. Treated patients with respect and dignity

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13
Q

what did Dorothea Dix do

A

lobbied to improve conditions in asylums in USA. established 30 asylums

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14
Q

who were the early figures of biological perspectives?

A

Wilhelm Griesinger
Emil Kraepelin

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15
Q

what did Wilhelm Griesinger do?

A

“The Pathology and Therapy of Psychic Disorders”. Argued all pathological disorders could be explained with brain pathology

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16
Q

what did Emil Kraepelin do?

A

developed classification scheme for disorders that is the basis for our modern classification systems

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17
Q

What is the importance of general paresis?

A

insanity->paralysis->death
suppported biological theories. Paresis only came about in people who had syphillis

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18
Q

who are the key psychoanalytic figures?

A

Mesmer, Charcot, Freud, Breuer

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19
Q

What did Charcot accomplish?

A

First, believed hysteria was caused by brain degeneration. Bernheim and Liebault showed they could induce hysteria w/ hypnosis. Switched to finding psychological causes for abnormality and trained Freud.

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20
Q

What did Freud an Bruer accomplish?

A

-groundwork for psychoanalysis: “Psychical Mechanisms of Hysterical Phenomena”

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21
Q

who were key figures in behavioral theories?

A

Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike, Skinner

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22
Q

Definition of behaviorism

A

study of impact of rewards and punishments on behavior

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23
Q

What did John Watson do?

A

used classical conditioning to study behaviors.
claimed he could train any child to be a specialist at anything

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24
Q

what did Thorndike and Skinner accomplish? what did they find?

A

operant conditioning
behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely repeated

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25
Q

who were the key figures in cognitive theory.

A

Bandura, Ellis, Beck

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26
Q

what did Bandura contribute?

A

self-efficacy beliefs deterine well-being

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27
Q

what did Ellis contribute?

A

Rational emotive therapy

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28
Q

What was rational emotive therapy and why was it important?

A

Challenged patients’ irrational beliefs (sometimes harshly). Pushed psychology to stufy thought processes behing serious emotional problems

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29
Q

what did Arron Beck contribute?

A

Founded cognitive behavioral therapy. focused on irrational thoughts

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30
Q

three causal proposals of the biologic approach

A

genetic abnormalities
Brain dysfunction
biochemical imbalances

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31
Q

definition of theory

A

describes causes or contributing factor to psych disorders. provides framework for askin questions and interpreting data

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32
Q

definition of therapy

A

targets causes of disorders based on specific theory

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33
Q

what structures are part of the forebrain

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
lymbic system
cerebrum

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34
Q

function of thalamus

A

handles incoming and outgoing signals

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35
Q

function of hypothalamus

A

regulates eating, drinking, sex, temp, emotions

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36
Q

function of pituitary

A

master gland

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37
Q

parts of lymbic system

A

amygdala
hippocampus

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38
Q

function of cerebrum

A

most of our advanced processing

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39
Q

what are the strutures of the hind brain?

A

medulla, pons, reticular formation, cerebellum

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40
Q

function of medulla

A

unconcious funcitons (breathing)

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41
Q

function of the pons

A

sleep and rousal

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42
Q

function of reticular formation

A

sleep, arousal, attention

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43
Q

function of cerebellum

A

balance and motor control

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44
Q

advantages of biological therapies

A

effective
removes blame from sufferer

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45
Q

disadvantages of biological therapies

A
  • side effects
  • relying on drugs rather than solving problems
  • people more pessimistic when its biological
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46
Q

modeling vs observational learning

A

observation learning deals with the punishments/rewards of others

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47
Q

advantages of behavioral approaches

A

effectiveness is supported in research

48
Q

disadvantages of behavioral approaches

A
  • only works on select disorders
  • evidence only comes from labs
  • does not recognize free will
49
Q

describe cognitive therapies

A
  • identify/challenge dysfunctional thoughts and belief systems
  • replace irrational cognitions w/ realistic ones
  • teach effective problem solving
  • short term (12-20 weeks)
50
Q

describe cognitive behavioral therapy

A

cgonitive + behavioral techniques. identify and replace dysfunctional thoughts and add behavioral skills

51
Q

advantages of cognitive approaches

A
  • useful for sexual disorders, anxiety, depression, eating disorders. substance abuse
52
Q

disadvantages of cognitive approach

A
  • does disorder cause cognitions or cognitions cause disorder?
53
Q

definition of repression

A

ego pushes anxiety-provoking material back into the unconscious (aka motivated forgetting); deffense mechanism Freud thought was the most effective

54
Q

definition of free association

A

client talks about whatever comes to mind and therapist notices themes and how one thought leads to the next

55
Q

definition of resistance

A

not telling therapyist emotionally heavy info

56
Q

what is “working through”

A

repeatedly going over painful memories

57
Q

describe interpersonal therapy

A

-shift focus from unconcious to clients’ relationship with others
- structured and directive

58
Q

disadvantages of psychodynamic approaches

A
  • lack of scientific data b/c hard to prove
  • long term, so unaffirdable
59
Q

what is the main idea of the humanistic approach?

A

all people have innate capacity for goodness and living a full life

60
Q

describe client-centered therapy

A

unconditional positive regard: accepting who a person is but not their behaviors
empathetic and authentic communication

61
Q

what is reflection in therapy?

A

therapist attempts to understand what client is experiencing and communicating (reflective listening) and checks with client about accuracy of understanding

62
Q

advantages of humanistic approach

A

refreshing change b/c its positive

63
Q

disadvantage of humanistic approach

A
  • vague and not subject to scientific testing
  • can’t be used for severe disorders
64
Q

what is the main focus of third wave approaches?

A

peoples’ ability to understand and regulate emotion

65
Q

what is dialectical behavior therapy?

A

very intense therapy to manage negative emotions and control impulsive behaviors

66
Q

describe acceptance and commitment therapy

A
  • face distressing situations/emotions instead of avoiding
  • uses mindfulness an acceptance
67
Q

what does a psychological assessment include

A

evaluated pychological, social, and emotional functioning

68
Q

what are the 3 types of validity

A

content
predictive
construct

69
Q

what is content validity

A

how well a test measures a phenomenon

70
Q

predictive validity

A

how well a test predicts future behavior

71
Q

construct validity

A

how well a test measures one thing and not another

72
Q

what are the 4 types of reliability

A

test-retest
alternative form
internal
interrater

73
Q

internal reliability

A

consistency between dif parts of test

74
Q

definition of standardization

A

administering, scoring, interpreting test in a standard way

75
Q

what does a mental status exam include?

A

clients’ appearance and behavior, thought processes, mood and affect, intellectual functioning, sensorium

76
Q

what is sensorium

A

knowing where, who, when you are

77
Q

mood vs affect

A

mood: emotion felt
affect: emotion expressed

78
Q

describe MMPI-2

A

550 items
10 clinical scales
4 validity scales

79
Q

describe a projective test

A

client responds to ambiguous stimuli and “projects” their thoughts and emotions onto it

80
Q

which DSM’s used psychoanalytic theory

A

I and II

81
Q

what was significant about the DSM III

A

-outlined specific criteria
-behaviors that must be shown/experenced

82
Q

how do later versions of the DSM compare to earlier ones

A
  • specify how long symptom must be present
  • most conditions require symptoms to interfere w/ life
  • abnormality should be defined as impact on ability to function and sense of well-being
83
Q

what are 4 steps of scientific method?

A

1) define problem and hypothesis
2) choose and implement method
3) collect and analyze data
4) draw conclusions

84
Q

what is a null hypothesis?

A

prediction that there is no relationship between phenomena

85
Q

what is important in step 2 of the scientific method

A
  • designate variables
  • operationalization
86
Q

what is operationaliztion?

A

finding a way to measure and manipulate variables

87
Q

advantages of case studies

A

able to study rare problems

88
Q

disadvantages of case studies

A
  • cannot be generalized to larger population
  • lacks objectivity
89
Q

what are the types of correlational studies?

A

continuous
group comparison
cross sectional
longitudinal

90
Q

continuous correlational study

A

two or more continuous variables measured

91
Q

group comparison correlational studies

A

two or more groups compared on a variable

92
Q

cros sectional correlational studies

A

participants assessed at one point in time

93
Q

statistical significance

A

how likely a result is due to chance

94
Q

advantages of correlational studies

A
  • longitudinal studies can determine if group differences cause an event or if an event causes group differences
  • good external validity
95
Q

disadvantages of correlational studies

A

-longitudinal studies expensive and time consuming
- cannot infer causation
- third variable problem

96
Q

what are epidemiological studies?

A

a study of frequency and distribution of a disorder

97
Q

What is prevalence rate?

A

the proportion of the population that has the disorder at a given point or time

98
Q

what are incidence rates?

A

number of new cases in a disorder

99
Q

advantages of epidemiological studies

A

provide infor for who’s at most risk

100
Q

disadvantages of epidemiological studies

A
  • cannot establish causation
  • third variable problem
101
Q

what are human laboratory studies?

A

exposing participans to an event in a lab and determining its impact

102
Q

what is internal validity?

A

changes in DV directly caused by manipulation of IV

103
Q

what are demand characteristics?

A

when a participant gueses the study’s purpose and changes their behavior

104
Q

how can you combat demand characteristics?

A
  • filler measures (objects in the test that has notiong to do with what you are trying to measure)
  • cover story (deception about the purpose of experiment)
  • double blind
105
Q

advantages of laboratory research

A
  • higher control
  • random assignment
106
Q

disadvantages of laboratory research

A
  • bad external validity
  • ethical limitations
107
Q

describe a single-case experimental design

A
  • studies one or a few individuals intensely
  • uses ABAB design OR multiple baseline design
108
Q

what is the ABAB design

A

treatment introduced (mesurements taken) –> treatment withdrawn (measurements taken) –> treatment reintroduced (measurements taken)

109
Q

what is multiple baseline design?

A
  • same individual but in different settings
    OR
  • different individuals at different points in time
110
Q

advantages of single-case experiments

A

more intensive assessment of participants

111
Q

disadvantages of single-case experiments

A
  • limited generalizability
  • cannot test all hypotheses
112
Q

what is a family history study?

A

-identify people with disorder
- identify control group (similar in every way BUT without disorder)
- trace family tree to see how many people in family history have disorder

113
Q

what is meta-analysis?

A

a statistical technique to summarize results across several studies

114
Q

what are the steps of meta-analysis?

A

1) literature search
2) transform results of each study into common statistic
3) examine average effect size across studies

115
Q

advantages of meta-analysis

A

provides more power to find out significant effects

116
Q

disadvantages of meta-analysis

A
  • problems with methodology
  • file drawer effect (studies that do not support hypothesis they were designed to are less likely to get published)

Abnormal Psychology (2 decks)

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