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Animal Growth and Development > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Role of Brown Fat

A

thermogenesis - managing body temperature and energy efficiency

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2
Q

Role of White Fat

A

Most common type of fat - serves as an energy reservoir by storing excess calories as fat and releasing fatty acids into the bloodstream when energy is needed

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3
Q

Trends in the sheep indsutry

A

national sheep improvement program for decreasing consumer demand

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4
Q

trends in poultry industry

A
  • increased consumer preference as they look towards healthy proteins
  • transparency in sustainable and ethical sourcing driving consumer decision
  • producer shift towards AI
  • Avian influenza remains potential problem for global trade
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5
Q

Trends in swine industry

A
  • Shrinking labor pool, African swine fever, availability of feed stuffs/pricing remain issues for global trade
  • Herd breeding trajectory key - producer shift towards technological advancements
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6
Q

Trends in cattle industry

A
  • decreasing consumer demand
  • drought/climate change, shrinking labor pool
    lower exports and higher imports
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7
Q

Growth regulation is influenced by _____ expression via ______ factors that modulate rate of gene transcription

A

gene; transcription

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8
Q

True growth

A
  • permanent increase in size or number of cells
  • growth and development of muscles, bones, internal organs, and other tissues
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9
Q

Reversible growth

A
  • growth processes that can be undone or reversed under specific conditions
  • fat deposition
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10
Q

Irreversible growth

A
  • cannot be undone
  • bone and nerve tissue
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11
Q

growth curve - what type is ideal? what represents typical growth?

A
  • plots time against growth
    -exponential is ideal
  • sigmoidal curve exhibits normal growth
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12
Q

Phases of growth curve: I - IV

A

I: 15-20% of all tissues, slow growth of all tissues (organ>bone>muscle)
II: 75% of total growth; organs/bones/muscles reach mature size, fat accumulates slowly
III: 80-90% off growth attained and muscle deposited; rapid accumulation of fat begins
IV: 90-95% of addition growth is fat, 5-10% is muscle

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13
Q

Order by which tissues and organs grow

A

Brain/CNS/vital organs -> bone -> muscle -> fatc

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14
Q

compensatory growth

A

process by which animals undergo a period of accelerated growth rate following period of restricted growth (nutrient restriction)

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15
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A
  • only voluntary muscle
  • striated, tubular, multinucleated fibers
  • attached to bone
    -fatigues
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16
Q

Describe Cardiac muscle

A
  • involuntary
  • striated, branched, uninucleate fibers
  • fatigue resistant
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17
Q

Describe Smooth muscle

A
  • found in intestines, blood vessels, uterus
  • involuntary, fatigue resistant
  • spindle shaped, nonstriated, unicucleated fibers
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18
Q

Place types of muscle in order from largest to smallest

A

Skeletal muscle (epimysium) -> muscle bundle (perimysium) -> skeletal muscle fiber/myofiber/muscle cells (endomysium) ->myofibril -> myofilaments (actin, myosin)

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19
Q

muscle bundles (aka _____) are made up of bundles of _______ (aka _____), which are surrounded by a connective tissue called the ____.

A

fasicles; muscle fibers; muscle cells; perimysium

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20
Q

The _________ is the thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber/cell

A

Endomysium

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21
Q

The ________ is the thick layer of connective tissue that groups muscle fibers into fascicles. ___________ is deposited within this layer. It also protects fascicles from damage and contains capillaries and nerve fibers to allow _________ within the muscle.

A

Perimysium; intramuscular fat/marbling; nutrient transfer

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22
Q

The _____ is a sheet of thick connective tissue that surrounds the entirety of a skeletal muscle. _______ is deposited here. it separates muscle from ________.

A

Epimysium; intermuscular/seam fat; organs/tissues

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23
Q

_______ surround muscle fibers and contain cytoplasm. It is a _____ bilayer, and is the reason that meat contains a significant amount of _______.

A

Sarcolemma; lipid; cholesterol

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24
Q

Sarcolemma is invaginated in places to form membranous tunnels known as _______. These penetrate through fiber and conduct _____ from sarcolemma.

A

T-tubules; electric stimuli

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25
_____ are sac-like membranes containing large, concentrated stores of calcium. They store Ca2+ in ____ muscle, and release of Ca2+ indicates ________.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR); relaxed; muscle contraction
26
_________ are located near muscle proteins that use ATP for contraction
mitochondria
27
each muscle fiber cell contains multiple flattened ________ which lie beneath the _____.
nuclei; sarcolemma
28
________ is the cytoplasm of the cell and contains large amounts of glycogen and _______, the first of which providing energy during _______ and the latter containing stored oxygen.
Sarcoplasm; myoglobin; muscle contraction
29
______ are thread-like organelles that extend the length of a muscle fiber. Each one is composed of bundles known as _______ which are arranged into contractile elements of a muscular cell such as the ________
myofibrils; myofilaments; sarcomere
30
2 main types of myofibrillar proteins
myosin and actin
31
2 types of regulatory proteins that control contraction
troponin and tropomyosin
32
3 types of structural proteins
titin, nebulin, dystrophin
33
_____ is a contractile protein that is most abundant in myofibrillar protein and forms thick filaments. It interacts with ______ to create movement. mainly functions by coupling ______ to conformational changes in the head region that enables it to bind and move along _____ filaments
myosin; actin; hydrolysis of ATP; actin
34
____ is a contractile protein that forms thin filaments and contain __ sites to which ____ attach and walk along, resulting in contraction
actin; myosin binding; myosin heads
35
_______ is a regulatory component of actin filaments and are long molecules comprising a coil of ________. It functions by uncovering _________ on actin filaments
Tropomyosin; alpha helices; myosin head binding sites
36
_______ is a regulatory component of actin filaments involved in moving ____ away from the _____ binding site on ___ filaments.
troponin; tropomyosin; myosin; actin
37
_____ is a very large molecule that connects thick filaments to the Z-disk
Titin
38
______ is a structural component of actin filaments. It is a sheath-like protein that covers entire thin filament and helps _______ to Z lines
nebulin; anchor filaments
39
_______ is the structural protein that makes up the Z - lines of sarcomeres
Alpha actinin
40
_________ are made up of repeating subunits called sarcomeres
myofibrils
41
__________ are the contractile units of muscle responsible for muscle contraction. They are describd in bands - _____ are thick and span the center, extending towards Z-discs; ______ are isotropic, and are thin filaments anchored at Z-discs; ____, which are the middle of the A band, and ______, which are thin lines in the middle of myosin filaments
A bands; I bands; H zones; M-lines
42
Striations are split between _____ A bands and _____ I bands
Dark; Light
43
Muscle contraction occurs because thick filaments bind onto thin filaments by forming chemical bonds called _______. Once bound, ____ 'walk' along ________ and pull them towards center of sarcomere.
cross-bridges; thick filaments; thin filaments
44
during contraction, the __ remains constant in length, while the ____ and ___ shorten. _______ remains stationary and pulls Z-band towards itself by using ____ filaments as 'ropes'
A band; I band; H zone; M line; actin
45
muscle contraction is initiated by an electrical impulse - aka _______ - that travels down the motor nerve to the ______, causing the nerve to release _____.
action potential; myoneural junction; Ach
46
After the release of Ach, action potential travels into interior of muscle fiber via ________. Action potential then depolarizes the ______ and releases _________.
T-tubules; SR; calcium
47
neurons communicate with adjacent muscle cells through conversion of ____ into a chemical signal that travels across the _________
action potential; neuromuscular synapse
48
during neuron communication with muscle cells, calcium binds to ______ on the thin filament. conformational changes cause _____- to be moved off of the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules. _________ of thick filaments attach to myosin binding sites on actin, and move a small distance pulling thin filament toward center of ________- (key to muscle contraction). movement of _______ attached to thin filament pulls adjacent Z-disks closer together, shortening sarcomere, resulting in shortening of myofibril and contraction of muscle fiber.
troponin; tropomyosin; myosin heads; sarcomere; myosin heads
49
During muscle relaxation, _______ is removed from the synaptic cleft, calcium is transported back into the _______, and _________ binds active sites on actin, causing cross-bridge to detach due to unavailability of these binding sites for myosin binding
Ach; SR; tropomyosin
50
Sarcoplasmic proteins involved in color of meat
- myoglobin: color of muscle, one O2 binds - hemoglobin: color of blood, four O2 bind
51
3 stromal proteins
collagen, elastin, and keratin
52
_______- are the most variable constituent of the muscle
lipids
53
during positive growth, anabolism _____ catabolism; during negative growth, catabolism _______ anabolism
is greater than; is greater than
54
_________ = increase in cell size leading to enlargement of organ or tissue; most common example is _______
hypertrophy; skeletal muscle, adipose tissue
55
______ = increase in cell number leading to enlargement of tissue or organ; most common example is _______
hyperplasia; cells regenerate after wound
56
3 main phases of animal development
embryonic, fetal, postnatal
57
On high quality ration, sheep are expected to make mature size by ____ years; cattle take _____ years; and pigs take _____ months
2-3; 3-4; 18-20
58
3 phases of interphase
G1 (first gap): cell growth and protein synthesis S (synthesis): DNA replication G2 (second gap): continued growth and protein production, preparation for division
59
phases of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis
60
_____ cells have exited cell cycle and do not divide or proliferate
differentiated
61
most cells originated from ____, which divide to form one daughter cell that remains a ______ and a second that differentiates
MSC; stem cell
62
Two steps of cell development: _______ (hyperplasia) and _____ (hypertrophy)
proliferation; differentiation
63
__ is a large protein complex located near inner mitochondrial membrane that uses protein gradient created by the ______ to generate _______
ATP synthase; ETC; ATP
64
ER = network of phospholipid membranes that function in ________ and _________
molecular transport and protein/lipid synthesis
65
_____ is studded with ribosomes and works with the _______ to move new proteins to their proper destinations in the cell
Rough ER; Golgi apparatus
66
______ has no ribosomes and plays a role in ______ synthesis, ____ storage, and drug detoxification
Smooth ER, lipid, calcium
67
_____ processes proteins and prepares them for use; modifies/packages substances for secretions; is known as the _______ of the cell
Golgi Apparatus; 'post office'
68
_______ is a membrane-bound cell that contains digestive enzymes involved with break down of excess cell parts and destruction of ______
Lysosome; pathogens

Animal Growth and Development (1 decks)

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