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Animal Growth and Development > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Role of Brown Fat

A

thermogenesis - managing body temperature and energy efficiency

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2
Q

Role of White Fat

A

Most common type of fat - serves as an energy reservoir by storing excess calories as fat and releasing fatty acids into the bloodstream when energy is needed

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3
Q

Trends in the sheep indsutry

A

national sheep improvement program for decreasing consumer demand

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4
Q

trends in poultry industry

A
  • increased consumer preference as they look towards healthy proteins
  • transparency in sustainable and ethical sourcing driving consumer decision
  • producer shift towards AI
  • Avian influenza remains potential problem for global trade
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5
Q

Trends in swine industry

A
  • Shrinking labor pool, African swine fever, availability of feed stuffs/pricing remain issues for global trade
  • Herd breeding trajectory key - producer shift towards technological advancements
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6
Q

Trends in cattle industry

A
  • decreasing consumer demand
  • drought/climate change, shrinking labor pool
    lower exports and higher imports
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7
Q

Growth regulation is influenced by _____ expression via ______ factors that modulate rate of gene transcription

A

gene; transcription

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8
Q

True growth

A
  • permanent increase in size or number of cells
  • growth and development of muscles, bones, internal organs, and other tissues
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9
Q

Reversible growth

A
  • growth processes that can be undone or reversed under specific conditions
  • fat deposition
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10
Q

Irreversible growth

A
  • cannot be undone
  • bone and nerve tissue
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11
Q

growth curve - what type is ideal? what represents typical growth?

A
  • plots time against growth
    -exponential is ideal
  • sigmoidal curve exhibits normal growth
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12
Q

Phases of growth curve: I - IV

A

I: 15-20% of all tissues, slow growth of all tissues (organ>bone>muscle)
II: 75% of total growth; organs/bones/muscles reach mature size, fat accumulates slowly
III: 80-90% off growth attained and muscle deposited; rapid accumulation of fat begins
IV: 90-95% of addition growth is fat, 5-10% is muscle

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13
Q

Order by which tissues and organs grow

A

Brain/CNS/vital organs -> bone -> muscle -> fatc

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14
Q

compensatory growth

A

process by which animals undergo a period of accelerated growth rate following period of restricted growth (nutrient restriction)

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15
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A
  • only voluntary muscle
  • striated, tubular, multinucleated fibers
  • attached to bone
    -fatigues
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16
Q

Describe Cardiac muscle

A
  • involuntary
  • striated, branched, uninucleate fibers
  • fatigue resistant
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17
Q

Describe Smooth muscle

A
  • found in intestines, blood vessels, uterus
  • involuntary, fatigue resistant
  • spindle shaped, nonstriated, unicucleated fibers
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18
Q

Place types of muscle in order from largest to smallest

A

Skeletal muscle (epimysium) -> muscle bundle (perimysium) -> skeletal muscle fiber/myofiber/muscle cells (endomysium) ->myofibril -> myofilaments (actin, myosin)

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19
Q

muscle bundles (aka _____) are made up of bundles of _______ (aka _____), which are surrounded by a connective tissue called the ____.

A

fasicles; muscle fibers; muscle cells; perimysium

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20
Q

The _________ is the thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber/cell

A

Endomysium

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21
Q

The ________ is the thick layer of connective tissue that groups muscle fibers into fascicles. ___________ is deposited within this layer. It also protects fascicles from damage and contains capillaries and nerve fibers to allow _________ within the muscle.

A

Perimysium; intramuscular fat/marbling; nutrient transfer

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22
Q

The _____ is a sheet of thick connective tissue that surrounds the entirety of a skeletal muscle. _______ is deposited here. it separates muscle from ________.

A

Epimysium; intermuscular/seam fat; organs/tissues

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23
Q

_______ surround muscle fibers and contain cytoplasm. It is a _____ bilayer, and is the reason that meat contains a significant amount of _______.

A

Sarcolemma; lipid; cholesterol

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24
Q

Sarcolemma is invaginated in places to form membranous tunnels known as _______. These penetrate through fiber and conduct _____ from sarcolemma.

A

T-tubules; electric stimuli

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25
Q

_____ are sac-like membranes containing large, concentrated stores of calcium. They store Ca2+ in ____ muscle, and release of Ca2+ indicates ________.

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR); relaxed; muscle contraction

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26
Q

_________ are located near muscle proteins that use ATP for contraction

A

mitochondria

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27
Q

each muscle fiber cell contains multiple flattened ________ which lie beneath the _____.

A

nuclei; sarcolemma

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28
Q

________ is the cytoplasm of the cell and contains large amounts of glycogen and _______, the first of which providing energy during _______ and the latter containing stored oxygen.

A

Sarcoplasm; myoglobin; muscle contraction

29
Q

______ are thread-like organelles that extend the length of a muscle fiber. Each one is composed of bundles known as _______ which are arranged into contractile elements of a muscular cell such as the ________

A

myofibrils; myofilaments; sarcomere

30
Q

2 main types of myofibrillar proteins

A

myosin and actin

31
Q

2 types of regulatory proteins that control contraction

A

troponin and tropomyosin

32
Q

3 types of structural proteins

A

titin, nebulin, dystrophin

33
Q

_____ is a contractile protein that is most abundant in myofibrillar protein and forms thick filaments. It interacts with ______ to create movement. mainly functions by coupling ______ to conformational changes in the head region that enables it to bind and move along _____ filaments

A

myosin; actin; hydrolysis of ATP; actin

34
Q

____ is a contractile protein that forms thin filaments and contain __ sites to which ____ attach and walk along, resulting in contraction

A

actin; myosin binding; myosin heads

35
Q

_______ is a regulatory component of actin filaments and are long molecules comprising a coil of ________. It functions by uncovering _________ on actin filaments

A

Tropomyosin; alpha helices; myosin head binding sites

36
Q

_______ is a regulatory component of actin filaments involved in moving ____ away from the _____ binding site on ___ filaments.

A

troponin; tropomyosin; myosin; actin

37
Q

_____ is a very large molecule that connects thick filaments to the Z-disk

A

Titin

38
Q

______ is a structural component of actin filaments. It is a sheath-like protein that covers entire thin filament and helps _______ to Z lines

A

nebulin; anchor filaments

39
Q

_______ is the structural protein that makes up the Z - lines of sarcomeres

A

Alpha actinin

40
Q

_________ are made up of repeating subunits called sarcomeres

A

myofibrils

41
Q

__________ are the contractile units of muscle responsible for muscle contraction. They are describd in bands - _____ are thick and span the center, extending towards Z-discs; ______ are isotropic, and are thin filaments anchored at Z-discs; ____, which are the middle of the A band, and ______, which are thin lines in the middle of myosin filaments

A

A bands; I bands; H zones; M-lines

42
Q

Striations are split between _____ A bands and _____ I bands

A

Dark; Light

43
Q

Muscle contraction occurs because thick filaments bind onto thin filaments by forming chemical bonds called _______. Once bound, ____ ‘walk’ along ________ and pull them towards center of sarcomere.

A

cross-bridges; thick filaments; thin filaments

44
Q

during contraction, the __ remains constant in length, while the ____ and ___ shorten. _______ remains stationary and pulls Z-band towards itself by using ____ filaments as ‘ropes’

A

A band; I band; H zone; M line; actin

45
Q

muscle contraction is initiated by an electrical impulse - aka _______ - that travels down the motor nerve to the ______, causing the nerve to release _____.

A

action potential; myoneural junction; Ach

46
Q

After the release of Ach, action potential travels into interior of muscle fiber via ________. Action potential then depolarizes the ______ and releases _________.

A

T-tubules; SR; calcium

47
Q

neurons communicate with adjacent muscle cells through conversion of ____ into a chemical signal that travels across the _________

A

action potential; neuromuscular synapse

48
Q

during neuron communication with muscle cells, calcium binds to ______ on the thin filament. conformational changes cause _____- to be moved off of the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules. _________ of thick filaments attach to myosin binding sites on actin, and move a small distance pulling thin filament toward center of ________- (key to muscle contraction). movement of _______ attached to thin filament pulls adjacent Z-disks closer together, shortening sarcomere, resulting in shortening of myofibril and contraction of muscle fiber.

A

troponin; tropomyosin; myosin heads; sarcomere; myosin heads

49
Q

During muscle relaxation, _______ is removed from the synaptic cleft, calcium is transported back into the _______, and _________ binds active sites on actin, causing cross-bridge to detach due to unavailability of these binding sites for myosin binding

A

Ach; SR; tropomyosin

50
Q

Sarcoplasmic proteins involved in color of meat

A
  • myoglobin: color of muscle, one O2 binds
  • hemoglobin: color of blood, four O2 bind
51
Q

3 stromal proteins

A

collagen, elastin, and keratin

52
Q

_______- are the most variable constituent of the muscle

A

lipids

53
Q

during positive growth, anabolism _____ catabolism; during negative growth, catabolism _______ anabolism

A

is greater than; is greater than

54
Q

_________ = increase in cell size leading to enlargement of organ or tissue; most common example is _______

A

hypertrophy; skeletal muscle, adipose tissue

55
Q

______ = increase in cell number leading to enlargement of tissue or organ; most common example is _______

A

hyperplasia; cells regenerate after wound

56
Q

3 main phases of animal development

A

embryonic, fetal, postnatal

57
Q

On high quality ration, sheep are expected to make mature size by ____ years; cattle take _____ years; and pigs take _____ months

A

2-3; 3-4; 18-20

58
Q

3 phases of interphase

A

G1 (first gap): cell growth and protein synthesis
S (synthesis): DNA replication
G2 (second gap): continued growth and protein production, preparation for division

59
Q

phases of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis

60
Q

_____ cells have exited cell cycle and do not divide or proliferate

A

differentiated

61
Q

most cells originated from ____, which divide to form one daughter cell that remains a ______ and a second that differentiates

A

MSC; stem cell

62
Q

Two steps of cell development: _______ (hyperplasia) and _____ (hypertrophy)

A

proliferation; differentiation

63
Q

__ is a large protein complex located near inner mitochondrial membrane that uses protein gradient created by the ______ to generate _______

A

ATP synthase; ETC; ATP

64
Q

ER = network of phospholipid membranes that function in ________ and _________

A

molecular transport and protein/lipid synthesis

65
Q

_____ is studded with ribosomes and works with the _______ to move new proteins to their proper destinations in the cell

A

Rough ER; Golgi apparatus

66
Q

______ has no ribosomes and plays a role in ______ synthesis, ____ storage, and drug detoxification

A

Smooth ER, lipid, calcium

67
Q

_____ processes proteins and prepares them for use; modifies/packages substances for secretions; is known as the _______ of the cell

A

Golgi Apparatus; ‘post office’

68
Q

_______ is a membrane-bound cell that contains digestive enzymes involved with break down of excess cell parts and destruction of ______

A

Lysosome; pathogens

Animal Growth and Development (1 decks)

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