Exam 1 Flashcards
Know the objectives
What are SNPs and what does it stand for?
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms are variations in DNA when a single nucleotide is replaced by another
What is an Indel?
(Insertion/Deletion) variations when base pairs are inserted or deleted from a sequence (causes frameshift mutation)
What are STRs and what does it stand for?
Short Tandem Repeats occurs during replication when 2-6 base pairs are repeated in a sequence
What is Darwin’s definition of Fitness?
an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce
What is the Tree of Life?
a model showing evolutionary relationships among species
What are the protein structures and what do they mean?
Primary structure: sequence of amino acids
Secondary structure: alpha helices and beta sheets
Tertiary structure: 3D shape of the protein
What is Chargaff’s Rule?
DNA base pairs should have an equal amount (1:1 ratio) of pyrimidine and purine bases
What is the difference between introns and exons?
Introns: non-coding sequences
Exons: coding sequences that contains info to encode a protein
What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA is a double-stranded helix and contains T (thymine)
RNA is a single-stranded helix and contains U (uracil)
What does DNA Replication consist of?
It is a semi-conservative process that involves DNA polymerase
What is linkage?
genes that are located closer together on the same chromosome are inherited together
Transcription vs. Translation
Transcription: DNA –> RNA (mRNA)
Translation: mRNA –> Protein (via tRNA in ribosome)
What is Mendel’s first law of inheritance?
Law of segregation: alleles for each gene segregate from each other, and each gamete contains 1 allele for each gene
What is Mendel’s second law of inheritance?
Law of dominance: some alleles are dominant while others are recessive
What is Mendel’s third law of interitance?
Law of independent assortment: the alleles for different genes are sorted randomly into each gamete
Genotype vs. Phenotype
Genotype is the genetic makeup
Phenotype is the physical traits
What is considered to be the Central Dogma of molecular biology?
DNA –> RNA –> Proteins (flow of genetic information)
What is the Oswald Avery experiment?
He proved that DNA made up genetic material, not proteins
He injected different strains of bacteria into different tubes and used different enzymes to see what would happen
tRNA vs. mRNA
tRNA: brings amino acids to the ribosomes during translation
mRNA: carries genetic information from DNA
What are Neural Networks within AI?
a series of algorithms that endeavors to recognize underlying relationships in a set of data through a process that mimics the way the human brain operates
What is a token in LLMS?
a word or part of a word used for processing text
Humans (& Mendel’s pea plants) are diploid, meaning that they…
have two sets of chromosomes, 1 inherited from each parent
What does it mean for an allele to be dominant?
it produces the same phenotype regardless of its paired allele
How did Oswald Avery show that DNA was the “transforming” substance in Griffiths’s study?
He showed that DNase added to the substance prevented transformation
A frameshift mutation is:
a mutation caused by an insertion or deletion causes a shift in the transitional reading frame
Nucleotide excision repair is:
a DNA repair mechanism
Genome fingerprinting databases such as CODIS primarily use:
STRs
The TATA box helps identify where…
transcription starts
As a polypeptide chain grows, amino acids are added to the…
C-terminus
Protein backbone rotations only occur around..
the alpha carbon
Non-coding sections of a gene are called:
Introns
