Exam 1 Flashcards
Above; at a higher level
superior
below; at a lower level
inferior
toward the front or anterior surface of the body
anterior/ventral
toward the back or posterior surface of the body
posterior/dorsal
toward the midsagittal plane
medial
away from the midsagittal plane
lateral
toward a reference point or source within the body
proximal
away from a reference point or source within the body
distal
near the body surface
superficial
farther into the body and away from the surface
deep
toward the head
cranial/cephalic
toward the feet
caudal
toward the nose
rostral
on the same side
ipsilateral
contralateral
on the opposite side
thenar
the fleshy part of the hand at the base of the thumb
volar
pertaining to the palm of the hand or flexor surface of the wrist or the sole of the foot
palmar
the front of palm of the hand
plantar
the sole of the foot
ante brachial
forearm
antecubital
front of elbow
axillary
armpit
brachial
upper arm
buccal
cheek
carpal
wrist
cephalic
head
cervical
neck
costal
ribs
crural
leg
cubital
posterior surface of elbow area of the arm
cutaneous
skin
femoral
thigh, upper portion of leg
ophthalmic
eye
otic
ear
Pedal
foot
Perineal
Perineum
plantar
sole of foot
popliteal
back of knee
sacral
sacrum
sural
calf
tarsal
ankle
2.5 cm below jugular notch
aortic arch
L4-L5
aortic bifurcation
T4-T5, sternal angle
Carina
Upper border of thyroid cartilage
carotid bifurcation
4 cm above transpyloric plane
celiac trunk
suprasellar cistern
Circle of Willis
Upper margin of sacroiliac joint
common iliac vein bifurcation
T12-L1, L2
conus medullaris
5th intercostal space, left midclavicular line
Heart–apex
Level of 2nd and 3rd costal cartilages behind sternum
Heart– base
4 cm above bifurcation of abdominal aorta
inferior mesenteric artery
L5
Inferior vena cava
Posterior to pancreatic neck
portal vein
anterior to L1, inferior to superior mesenteric artery
renal arteries
2 cm above transpyloric plane
superior mesenteric artery
Thyroid cartilage
Thyroid gland
Midway between superior and inferior border of thyroid cartilage
vocal cords
What are the two main body cavities?
Dorsal and Ventral
located posteriorly and includes the cranial and spinal cavity
dorsal cavity
What is the largest cavity?
Ventral cavity
The cavity further divided into 2 lateral pleural cavities and a single mediastinum cavity
Thoracic cavity
This cavity divides into abdominal and pelvic cavities
abdominopelvic cavity
Organs of the dorsal cavity:
Brain, spinal cord, vertebra
Organs of the ventral cavity:
thymus, heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, pericardium, lungs, pleural membranes
Organs of the abdominopelvic cavity:
peritoneum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, stomach, intestines, kidneys, ureters, blood vessels, rectum, urinary bladder, male and female reproductive system
What are the superior and inferior borders of the abdominal cavity?
superior: diaphragm
inferior: pelvic inlet
What are the quadrants of the abdominal cavity?
Right upper q, right lower q, left upper q, left lower q
What organs in the right upper quadrant?
right lobe of liver
gallbladder
right kidney
portion of the stomach
small and large intestine
What are the organs in the left upper quadrant?
left lobe of liver
stomach
tail of pancreas
left kidney
spleen
portion of large intestine
What are the organs of the right lower quadrant?
Cecum
appendix
portions of the small intestine
right ureter
right ovary
right spermatic cord
What are the organs of the left lower quadrant?
most of the small intestine
portions of large intestine
left ureter
left ovary
left spermatic cord
What are the two transverse planes that create the 9 regions of the abdomen?
transpyloric
transtubercular
What landmarks are used for the 2 sagittal planes of the 9 regions of the abdomen?
from midpoint of clavicle to midinguinal
What are the landmarks of the transpyloric plane?
midway between xiphisterna joint and the umbilicus and passes through the inferior border of L1
What are the landmarks of the transtubercular plane?
passes through the tubercles on the iliac crest at L5
What are the 9 regions from right to left and top to bottom?
right hypochondrium
epigastrium
left hypochondrium
right lateral
umbilical
left lateral
right inguinal
hypogastrium
left inguinal
MRI uses a strong magnetic field in combination with what?
nonionizing radio frequency (RF)
What does the CT number or the Hounsfield unit represent?
the attenuation properties and/or densities of each tissue
What is the HU of water?
Value of 0
A CT greater than 0 represent tissue denser than water and appears in ________ shades of ______ to _______.
lighter;
gray to white
A CT less than 0 represents tissue less dense than water and will appear in ______ shades of ______ to ______.
darker;
gray to black
What does the gray scale represent in MRI?
tissue relaxation properties of T1, T2, and proton density
What is windowing?
altering the appearance of digital images to include more or less shade of gray to optimize visualization of specific tissues or lesions
What is the window width?
parameter that allows for the adjustment of the gray scale
What is window level?
sets the density of the image
center of the gray scale
What does MPR stand for?
multiplayer reformation
What is MPR?
postprocessing techniques can be applied to 2D images to provide 3D information
a digital stack is created from 2D images and it is generated into a cube of information
any image that is reconstructed through the cube results in sagittal, coronal, axial, or oblique image
what does CPR stand for?
Curved Planar Reformation
What is CPR?
images are obtained along an arbitrary curve projection through the data cube
What is Ray tracing?
principle in which imaginary rays are sent from the camera’s viewpoint
The data rotates on this arbitrary axis and the ray is passed through the data
The skull has approximately ___ bones: ___ cranial and _____ facial bones.
22
8
14
