Exam 1 Flashcards
properties of life
- Order
- Sensitivity or response to stimuli
- Reproduction
- Growth and development
- Regulation
- Homeostasis
- Energy processing/Metabolism
the study of life
biology
levels of organization
- Atoms
- Molecules
- Macromolecules
- Organelles
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs and organ systems
- Organisms, populations, and communities
- Ecosystems
- Biosphere
steps of scientific method
look at picture
Powerful, broad explanation for related observations
* Based on well-supported hypotheses
* Supported by different, independent lines of research
theory
peer review
BLIND process
one of 118 unique substances that cannot break down into smaller substances; each element has
unique properties and a specified number of protons
element
smallest and most fundamental unit of matter that retains the properties of an element
atom
two or more atoms chemically bonded together
molecule
structure of an atom
- 2 regions
- nucleus –> center of the atom, contains protons and neutrons
- outermost region –> holds electrons in orbit around the nucleus
subatomic particles
protons, neutrons, electrons
most common elements in living organisms
CHON - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
atoms give up or gain electrons
ionic bond
electrons are shared
covalent bond
unequal sharing of the electrons
polar covalent
equal sharing of the electrons
non polar covalent
an electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen atom in one polar molecule (as of water) and a small electronegative atom (as of oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine) in usually another molecule of the same or a different polar substance
hydrogen bond
the amount heat one gram of a substance must absorb in order to raise its temperature one degree celsius
heat capacity
water is the
solvent
the compounds dissolved/mixed in with the water are the
solute
water molecules stick together due to hydrogen bonding
cohesion
attraction between water molecules and other molecules
adhesion
water has a high or low heat capacity
high
key component of macromolecules (proteins,
carbohydrate, lipids and nucleic acids)
carbon
why carbon is unique
- It can form covalent bonds with up to four
different atoms - This allows it to serve as the “backbone” for
the macromolecules - Each carbon has four electrons in the outer
shell - It forms four covalent bonds to “fill” the outer
shell - This allows it to achieve the “octet rule”
classes of macromolecules
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids
monomer and function of carbs
monomer –> monosaccharide
function –> provide energy to the body in the form of glucose
monomer and function of lipids
monomer –> fatty acids
function –> long term energy storage, insulation, building blocks for hormones, component of cellular membranes
monomer and function of proteins
monomer –> amino acids
function –> regulatory, structural, protective, transport, enzymes, toxins, hormones
monomer and function of nucleic acids
monomer –> nucleotides
function –> DNA and RNA
main components of fats
- glycerol
- fatty acids
- bad fats
- may be associated with cardiovascular disease
- no kink in chain
saturated fats
- good fats
- kink in the chain (double bond causes kink)
unsaturated fats
- required but not synthesized by the body
- must be part of diet
- heart healthy fats
- omega 3 and 6
fatty acids
molecule with two fatty acids and a modified phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone
phospholipid
head
- hydrophilic
- face outward
tail
- hydrophobic
- face inward
chain of amino acids joined together in peptide linkages
polypeptide
changes in protein structure that leads to change in their function
denaturation
central dogma of life
look at photo
common components of all cells
- plasma membrane
- cytoplasm
- DNA
- ribosomes
- lack membrane enclosed internal compartments (nucleus)
- most have cell wall
- examples: archaea and bacteria
prokaryotes
- have nucleus
- have membrane bound organelles
eukaryotes
know the difference in looks of cell types
in photos!!!!
- phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
- defines the outer border of cells and organelles
- manages what enters and exits the cell
- receives external signals and initiates cellular responses
- adheres to neighboring cells
plasma membrane
- consists of organelles suspended in gel like cytosol plus the cytoskeleton
- mostly water
cytoplasm
- usually only one per cell
- usually the largest organelle
- contains DNA
nucleus
- region inside nucleus where ribosomes are assembled
nucleolus
- assemble amino acids into proteins during protein synthesis
ribosomes
- site of cellular respiration
- have their own DNA
mitochondria
- rigid protective structure external to the plasma membrane
- provides structural support
- gives shape to the cell
cell wall
- double membrane organelles
- have their own DNA
chloroplasts
- interconnected membranous sacs and tubules
- smooth and rough
endoplasmic reticulum
- modifies proteins
rough ER
- synthesizes lipids and carbs
- detoxification of medications and poisons
smooth ER
- series of flattened membranes
- sorts, packages, and tags lipids or proteins within transport vesicles to allow them to get to the right place
Golgi apparatus/Golgi body
- a mosaic of components that give the membrane a fluid character
fluid mosaic model
- transport that requires no energy
passive transport
- transport that requires energy (ATP)
active transport
- the diffusion of water across a membrane
- moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
osmosis
all chemical reactions of a cell or organism
metabolism
- reaction/pathway that requires energy and synthesize larger molecules
anabolic
- retain/pathway that releases energy and breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones
catabolic
types of energy
- kinetic
- potential
objects in motion have (waterfall)
kinetic energy
objects that have the potential to move have (water behind dam)
potential energy
structure of ATP
- adenine
- a sugar (ribose)
- 3 phosphate groups
phosphate group transferred from ATP to another molecule
phosphorylation
the energy required for a reaction to proceed
activation energy
enzyme functions
catalyze (speed up) reactions by lowering the required activation energy
- vitamins
- minerals
- antioxidants
micronutrients
- most beneficial in whole foods
- prevent cell damage by free radicals
antioxidants
- essential for cell and body functions
- fluid balance
- muscle contraction
- conduction of nerve impulses
- building bones and teeth
minerals
- usually function as coenzymes
- help to speed up body’s chemical reactions
vitamins
reactants of cellular respiration
- glucose
- oxygen
products of cellular respiration
- carbon dioxide
- water
steps of cellular respiration
reactants of photosynthesis
- carbon dioxide
- water
- light energy
products of photosynthesis
- glucose
- oxygen
steps of photosynthesis
in photos!!!
