Exam 1 Flashcards
what differentiates the bacteria from the archae?
a. one is prokaryotic; the other is eukaryotic
b. one consists of single-celledd organisms; the other consists of multicellular organisms
c. one includes all autotrophs; the other includes all heterotrophs
d. one has peptidoglycan in its cell walls; the other does not
d. one has peptidoglycan in its cell walls; the other does not
which of the following is the most important reason to brush your teeth every day?
a. it freshens your breath
b. it takes the bad taste out of your mouth
c. it eliminates harmful archaea that form endospores on your teeth
d. it eliminates harmful bacteria that form biofilms on your teeth
d. it eliminates harmful bacteria that form biofilms on your teeth
why do prokaryotes evolve at a faster rate than humans do?
a. prokaryotes have more DNA to mutate
b. prokaryotes reproduce at a faster rate
c. prokaryotes encounter more environmental mutagens
d. prokaryotes are smaller, so they are more prone to mutations
b. prokaryotes reproduce at a faster rate
without bacteria, other organisms would not be able to live on earth. which of the following is NOT a service that bacteria provide?
a. digest cellulose for herbivores
b. produce water to replenish freshwater resevoirs
c. recycle the nutrients in waste and dead organisms
d. make nitrogen available to plants and animals
b. produce water to replenish freshwater resevoirs
with only two major components, how do viruses stay in existence?
a. they can regenerate through their own cellular mechanisms
b. they always infect bacteria, and the bacteria infect other organisms
c. they cause other organisms to evolve quickly
d. they hijack the host’s cells for replication
d. they hijack the host’s cells for replication
why are viral infections difficult to treat?
a. many viruses evolve so quickly that they become resistant to antibiotics
b. viral infections always directly attack the immune system
c. viruses evolve quickly and develop resistance to antiviral drugs
d. viruses evolve so quickly that viral DNA switches to RNA
c. viruses evolve quickly and develop resistance to antiviral drugs
what is the difference between viroids and prions?
a. viroids consist of protein only
b. prions consist of hereditary material only
c. viroids consist of hereditary material only
d. prions consist of protein only
d. prions consist of protein only
on a phylogenetic tree, relationships among taxa are revealed by the occurence of _____________________ traits that are similar in two or more taxa because they derive from a common ancestor.
phylogeny
synaptomorphies
clade
eukarya
synaptomorphies
Today, the process of classification focuses almost exclusively on reconstructing evolutionary history, or __________________
synaptomorphies
clade
paraphyletic
phylogeny
phylogeny
Organisms in domain Bacteria and domain ___________________ are single-celled microorganisms with no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
systematics
monophyletic
archaea
synaptomorphies
archaea
___________________ is the branch of biology concerned with reconstructing phylogenies.
archaea
systematics
eukarya
clade
systematics
Each designated group on a phylogenetic tree should be ______________ , containing all descendants of a single common ancestor.
eukarya
monophyletic
paraphyletic
systematics
monophyletic
Groups that contain some, but not all, descendants are ____________________
monophyletic
paraphyletic
archaea
clade
paraphyletic
The cells of all organisms in domain _____________ have a membrane-bound nucleus.
clade
eukarya
monophyletic
paraphyletic
eukarya
Prokaryotic cells are found in the domain(s) _____
Bacteria and Archaea
Bacteria and Eukarya
Bacteria and Protista
Bacteria
Protista and Archaea
bacteria and archaea
A human is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____.
Eukarya … Fungi
Eukarya … Protista
Eukarya … Plantae
Eukarya … Animalia
Bacteria … Archaea
eukarya … animalia
A rose bush is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____.
Eukarya … Fungi
Eukarya … Protista
Eukarya … Plantae
Eukarya … Animalia
Bacteria … Archaea
eukarya … plantae
Which Domain(s) includes unicellular orgainsms?
Eukarya.
Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria.
Archaea.
Archaea and Bacteria only.
Bacteria.
eukarya, archaea, and bacteria
Fungi are classified into which Domain?
Eukarya
Archaea.
Bacteria
Eukarya and Archaea.
Eukarya and Bacteria.
eukarya
There is (are) _____ eukaryotic domain(s).
one
two
three
four
five
one
outside:
skin:
seed:
egg:
plant:
life:
middle:
inside, inner:
derm
endo
ecto
phyte
endo
bio
oo or ov
sperm
meso
outside: ecto
skin: derm
seed: sperm
egg: oo or ov
plant: phyte
life: bio
middle: meso
Inside: endo
alongside:
backward:
second:
disease:
out of:
false:
mouth:
head:
cephal
para
pseudo
retro
stoma
path
ex
deutero
alongside: para
backward: retro
second: deutero
disease: path
out of: ex
false: pseudo
mouth: stoma
head: cephal
skull:
eat:
change, after:
blood:
cartilage:
hollow:
shape, form:
morph
coel
meta
phago
chondr
crani
hem
skull: crani
eat: phago
change, after: meta
blood: hem
cartilage: chondr
hollow: coel
shape, form: morph
What will be the result of deforestation in the tropical rain forests?
A wealth of life will be removed and biodiversity lost.
Biodiversity will increase.
Humans will profit from the loss of biodiversity.
Evolution will cease.
Additional forms of life will be uncovered.
A wealth of life will be removed and biodiversity lost.
Where is the greatest accumulation of Earth’s biodiversity?
Asia
deep ocean areas
midwestern United States
tropical rain forests
southern United States
tropical rain forests
Biodiversity is defined as __________.
the variety of organisms that have not been identified so far
reproduction
mutation rate
the total range of species diversity on Earth
the environmental niche of each organism
the total range of species diversity on Earth
What was the purpose of the recently completed Human Genome Project?
to determine the mutational frequency in human chromosomes
to construct the evolutionary history of humans
to accurately count the number of human chromosomes
to determine the nucleotide sequence in human DNA
to bring together a team of scientists to advance the science of molecular biology
to determine the nucleotide sequence in human DNA
How can you tell the difference between two organisms that are indistinguishable on the basis of appearance and structure?
Look for differences in their reproduction methods.
Look for differences in where the organisms were collected.
Look for differences using computers and special software.
Look for differences in their microscopic appearance.
Look for differences in their genetic material.
Look for differences in their genetic material.
A scientific name is composed of two parts. What are they called?
phylum and class
genus and species
group and partition
order and family
domain and kingdom
genus and species
Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms. What is phylogeny?
the study of anatomical differences between organisms
the study of prehistoric life
the study of evolutionary history
the study of placing individuals into domains
the study of evolutionary history
In the process known as
________________, a single bacterium divides in half, producing two identical offspring.
bacteriophages
anaerobes
prokaryotic fission
pathogens
prokaryotic fission
__________________ are viruses that only infect bacteria.
biofilm
bioremediation
anaerobes
bacteriophages
bacteriophages
In prokaryotes,
__________________ is the transfer of DNA from one cell to another via temporary connection.
conjugation
biofilm
prokaryotic fission
endospores
conjugation
______________________ are organisms that can live and grow in the absence of oxygen.
biofilm
anaerobes
conjugation
prokaryotic fission
anaerobes
Dental plaque is one example of a(n)
_________________, a colony of different prokaryote species that secrete slime that sticks the cells to a substrate and to each other.
bioremediation
pathogens
endospores
biofilm
biofilm
When some bacteria are exposed to harsh conditions, they produce
____________________, thick-coated protective structures that form within the bacterial cell.
bioremediation
endospores
pathogens
conjugation
endospores
________________ is the use of organisms to remove or detoxify toxic substances in the environment.
bioremediation
pathogens
prokaryotic fission
bacteriophages
bioremediation
The general term for organisms that are capable of producing disease is ____________________
endospores
bioremediation
biofilm
pathogens
pathogens
Which of the following statements best describes the end result of bacterial conjugation?
One cell has given a copy of a plasmid to another cell and kept one copy for itself.
The two cells have had an equal exchange of plasmids.
One cell has lost a chromosome, while the other has gained one.
One cell has lost a plasmid, while the other cell has gained one.
One cell has given a copy of a plasmid to another cell and kept one copy for itself.
From which cell does the sex pilus originate during bacterial conjugation?
Both the donor cell and the recipient cell
The recipient cell
The donor cell
the donor cell
True or False. During bacterial conjugation, the recipient cell receives a single-stranded loop of DNA.
True
False
true
Which structure helps bacteria to attach within the tissues that they will infect?
Capsule
Nucleoid
Flagella
Cell wall
capsule
True or false. Bacteria reproduce by an asexual process in which one parent cell gives rise to identical daughter cells.
True
False
true
There are four bacteria in an egg salad that is left out at room temperature. After two hours, how many bacteria will be in the egg salad?
8
32
2048
256
256
it would double six times in two hours
Some bacteria have an impact on human nutrition. What vitamin does our intestinal bacteria synthesize that we absorb for our use?
vitamin C
vitamin K
vitamin B6
vitamin D
vitamin A
vitamin K
What is the role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria?
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria make atmospheric oxygen available to soil bacteria.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria capture nitrogen gas from the air and using hydrogen produce ammonium, which can be used as a nitrogen source by plants.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria associate nitrogen with other molecules to form amino acids.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria break down nitrogen-containing molecules so that the nitrogen is available to plants.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen containing compounds into nitrogen gas.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria capture nitrogen gas from the air and using hydrogen produce ammonium, which can be used as a nitrogen source by plants.
Bioremediation is __________.
identification of pathogenic bacteria causing human disease
the breakdown of pollutants by living organisms, particularly bacteria
the discovery of antibiotics useful in treating bacterial infections in humans
preventing the use of biological weapons
the breakdown of pollutants by living organisms, particularly bacteria
Which of the following diseases is caused by the bacterium, Clostridium tetani?
syphilis
tuberculosis
cholera
pneumonia
tetanus
tetanus
How is cholera, a disease that is a major killer in poorer parts of the world, spread?
contaminated drinking water
through sexual activities
through the air
hand-to-mouth transmission
through direct contact
contaminated drinking water
Over time, bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Which of the following best explains this in terms of natural selection?
Antibiotics caused mutations in the bacteria that were exposed to the largest doses of antibiotics.
Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced.
Antibiotics caused bacteria to reproduce more quickly than normal.
Some bacteria began to tolerate the antibiotics, and passed this ability to their offspring.
Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced.
Which of the following correctly describes what the video referred to as a “microbial cure”?
Antibiotics are used every time a patient has disease symptoms, in order to prevent an infection from occurring.
Antibiotics are used only until the patient feels better, therefore reducing the exposure to the antibiotics.
Antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person.
Antibiotics are used to treat all infections, whether they are bacterial or viral, in order to bring about a full cure.
Antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person.
In the projected video showing the growth of bacteria, why did the bacteria grow up to the edge of the area with antibiotics, pause, then continue to grow across the area with antibiotics?
The bacteria mutated as a survival response to the presence of antibiotics, enabling the bacteria to become resistant to the antibiotics.
A few bacteria experienced random mutations in their DNA, which allowed some of them to grow even though antibiotics were present.
The antibiotics caused mutations in the DNA of the bacteria, making them resistant to the antibiotics.
Researchers added antibiotic resistant bacteria to the culture, so that the bacteria would continue to grow across the area with antibiotics.
A few bacteria experienced random mutations in their DNA, which allowed some of them to grow even though antibiotics were present.
Which of the following contributes the LEAST to the problem of antibiotic resistance?
taking antibiotics for all infections, including viral infections
taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor
stopping taking the antibiotics as soon as you feel better, thereby decreasing the exposure of the bacteria to the antibiotics
using high doses of antibiotics in animal feed, so that we are not exposed to the bacteria
taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor
A particular antibiotic kills 99% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this antibiotic?
Every time the antibiotic is given, it will kill 99% of the bacterial population.
Eventually, all of the bacterial population will be wiped out.
Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria.
Over time, the antibiotic will cause mutations in the bacteria.
Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria.
What is the concern about using antibacterial and antimicrobial soaps?
Antibacterial and antimicrobial products are far more toxic to humans than are antibiotics.
Doctors are concerned that people will stop using antibiotics, and start using more antibacterial and antimicrobial products instead.
Antibacterial and antimicrobial products are far more toxic to bacteria than are antibiotics.
The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria.
The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria.
In the video, what does the UK’s Chief Medical Officer suggest for promoting the development of new antibiotics?
searching the rainforest for new chemicals that can be used as antibiotics
conducting research to see whether our current antiviral medications could be used as antibiotics to combat bacteria
spending federal tax money to set up government labs specifically for new drug research and development
encouraging big pharmaceutical companies to start investing again in new drug research and development
encouraging big pharmaceutical companies to start investing again in new drug research and development
Which of the following describes a viral particle?
DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat
a flagellated prokaryote
cells with cellular structures
eukaryotic cells without a membrane
DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat
Why do virologists consider viruses to be nonliving?
Viruses cannot cause disease.
They do not possess DNA.
They are not cells nor are they composed of cells, the basic components of life.
Viruses do not require food for energy.
They are too small to be alive.
They are not cells nor are they composed of cells, the basic components of life.
What is a major role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention?
Test and otherwise monitor the drinking water supply in the United States.
Clean, cook, and chill food for consumption.
Monitor and report the state of the health of the U.S. citizenry.
Control health issues for all states within the United States.
Monitor and investigate bioterrorism in the United States.
Monitor and report the state of the health of the U.S. citizenry.
how are organisms classified
based on genetics, evolution, and characteristics
what is the binomial system
genus and species
who created the binomial system
carlos luneus
genus or species is always capitalized
genus
what are the 8 orders of the luneus classification system
domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
what are the domains of life
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
what does pro stand for
before the nucleus
are bacteria and archaea prokaryotes or eukaryotes
prokaryotes
single celled organisms
simple
don’t consist of true organelles
prokaryotes or eukaryotes
prokaryotes
what does eu stand for
true nucleus
are plants, animals, fungi, and protists prokaryotes or eukaryotes
eukaryotes
very complex
have true organelles
can be single celled and multi celled
prokaryotes or eukaryotes
eukaryotes
how many species exists
1.6 million
prokaryotes that are members of the domain archaea, one of the three domains of living organisms; only distantly related to members of the domain bacteria
archaea
one of life’s three domains; consists of prokaryotes that are only distantly related to members of the domain archaea
bacteria
the diversity of living organisms; measured as the variety of different species, the variety of different alleles in species’ gene pools, or the variety of different communities and nonliving environments in an ecosystem or in the entire biosphere.
biodiversity
a group that includes all the organisms descended from a common ancestor, but no other organisms; a monophyletic group.
clade
the broadest category for classifying organisms; organisms are classified into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
domain
one of life’s three domains; consists of all eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi, and protists).
eukarya
in Linnaean classification, the taxonomic rank composed of related species. Closely related genera make up a family.
genus
the evolutionary history of a group of species.
phylogeny
the two-part Latin name of a species; consists of the genus name followed by the species name.
scientific name
the basic unit of taxonomic classification, consisting of a population or group of populations that evolves separately from other populations. In sexually reproducing organisms, a species can be defined as a population or group of populations whose members interbreed freely with one another under natural conditions but do not interbreed with members of other populations.
species
the branch of biology concerned with reconstructing phylogenies and with naming clades.
systematics
the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying organisms.
taxonomy
what is the level of biological organization
atoms
molecules
cells
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
species
population
communities
biosphere (earth)
a noncellular parasitic particle that consists of a protein coat surrounding genetic material; multiplies only within a cell of a living organism (the host).
virus
is a virus alive?
no they don’t meet all requirements of life but there’s a debate about this consensus because they do some of the things
which of the following is the correct order, from most inclusive to least, of the 8 major categories of classification?
a. kingdom, class, order, phylum, genus, species, domain, family
b. species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
c. domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
d. phylum, order, family, genus, kingdom, species, domain, class
c. domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
which of the following groups in the figure has a single-celled organism with nonphotosynthetic organelles
a. bacteria
b. archaea
c. animals
d. protists
protists
how do you treat a virus
not with antibiotics
with vaccines, antivirals, rest, fluids
can bacteria be an infectious agent
yes
an organism that can live and grow in the absence of oxygen.
anaerobe
a community of prokaryotes of one or more species, in which the prokaryotes secrete and are embedded in slime that adheres to a surface.
biofilm
the use of organisms to remove or detoxify toxic substances in the environment.
bioremediation
in prokaryotes, the transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a temporary connection; in single-celled eukaryotes, the mutual exchange of genetic material between two temporarily joined cells.
conjugation
a long, hair-like, motile extension of the plasma membrane; in eukaryotic cells, it contains microtubules arranged in a 9 + 2 pattern. The movement of flagella propels some cells through fluids.
flagellum
the prey organism on or in which a parasite lives; the host is harmed by the relationship.
host
a bacterium that possesses the ability to remove nitrogen from the atmosphere and combine it with hydrogen to produce ammonia .
nitrogen-fixing bacterium
capable of producing disease; referring to an organism with such a capability (a pathogen).
pathogenic
a small, circular piece of DNA located in the cytoplasm of many bacteria; usually does not carry genes required for the normal functioning of the bacterium, but may carry genes, such as those for antibiotic resistance, that assist bacterial survival in certain environments.
plasmid
a protein that, in mutated form, acts as an infectious agent that causes certain neurodegenerative diseases, including kuru and scrapie.
prion
the process by which a single bacterium divides in half, producing two identical offspring.
prokaryotic fission
a particle of RNA that is capable of infecting a cell and of directing the production of more viroids; responsible for certain plant diseases.
viroid
how does a vaccine work
inject a dead or weakened form of the virus to develop an immune response
what does MDRO stand for
multi drug resistant organisms
can archaea cause disease
no
how are archaea and bacteria identified
size and shape
gram stain
purple=
red=
positive is purple (less aggressive bacteria)
negative is red (more aggressive bacteria)
what does the gram staining technique rely on
the peptidoglycan layer
what allows for conjugation
pilust
sending signals and form biofilm
quorum sensing
can survive with or without oxygen
anaerobic and aerobic
photosynthetic bacteria are called
cyanobacteria
_________________________ helps plants obtain atmospheric nitrogen
nitrogen fixing bacteria
bacteria that helps clean up pollution
bioremediation
blood pressure is low or high
circulatory systems
low is open and high is closed
what are the circulatory system functions of vertebrates
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
distribute nutrients from digestive system to cells
transports waste and toxic substances to liver
transporting hormones through body
regulates body temp
prevents blood loss
protects body against disease
car driving analogy:
the car is
the engine is
the road is
the cargo is
blood
heart
blood vessels
protein, nutrients, oxygen, etc
arteries flow __________ heart
away
veins flow ________________ heart
to
site of exchange in heart
capillaries
chest pain associated with reduced blood flow to the heart muscle; caused by an obstruction of the coronary arteries.
angina
a small artery that empties into capillaries; constriction of arterioles regulates blood flow to various parts of the body.
arteriole
a vessel with muscular, elastic walls that conducts blood away from the heart.
artery
a disease characterized by the obstruction of arteries by cholesterol deposits and thickening of the arterial walls.
athersclerosis
a specialized mass of muscle at the base of the right atrium through which the electrical activity initiated in the sinoatrial node is transmitted to the ventricles.
atrioventricular node
a heart valve that separates each atrium from each ventricle, preventing the backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction.
atrioventricular valve
a chamber of the heart that receives venous blood and passes it to a ventricle.
atrium
a specialized connective tissue, consisting of a fluid (plasma) in which blood cells are suspended; carried within the circulatory system.
blood
a complex process by which platelets, the protein fibrin, and red blood cells block an irregular surface in or on the body, such as a damaged blood vessel, sealing the wound.
blood clotting
any of several types of tubes that carry blood throughout the body.
blood vessel
a soft, spongy tissue that fills the cavities of large bones and generates the cell-based components of blood.
bone marrow
the smallest type of blood vessel, connecting arterioles with venules; capillary walls, through which the exchange of nutrients and wastes occurs, are only one cell thick.
capillary
the alternation of contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers.
cardiac cycle
the specialized muscle of the heart; able to initiate its own contraction, independent of the nervous system.
cardiac muscle
a type of circulatory system, found in certain worms and vertebrates, in which the blood is always confined within the heart and vessels.
closed circulatory system
the blood pressure measured during relaxation of the ventricles; the lower of the two blood pressure readings.
diastolic pressure
the separation of circulatory routes between (1) the heart and lungs and (2) the heart and the rest of the body.
double circulation
a red blood cell, which contains the oxygen-binding protein hemoglobin and thus transports oxygen in the circulatory system.
erythrocyte
a hormone produced by the kidneys in response to oxygen deficiency; stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow.
erythropoietin
the rapid, uncoordinated, and ineffective contraction of heart muscle cells.
fibrillation
a clotting protein formed in the blood in response to a wound; binds with other fibrin molecules and provides a matrix around which a blood clot forms.
fibrin
a muscular organ responsible for pumping blood within the circulatory system throughout the body.
heart
a severe reduction or blockage of blood flow through a coronary artery, depriving some of the heart muscle of its blood supply.
heart attack
the number of cardiac cycles (heartbeats) per minute.
heart rate
a cavity within the bodies of certain invertebrates in which a fluid, called hemolymph, bathes tissues directly; part of an open circulatory system.
hemocoel
the iron-containing protein that gives red blood cells their color; binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it in the tissues.
hemoglobin
in animals with an open circulatory system, the fluid that is located within the hemocoel and that bathes all the body cells, therefore serving as both blood and interstitial fluid.
hemolymph
arterial blood pressure that is chronically elevated above the normal level.
hypertension
junctions connecting individual cardiac muscle cells that serve both to attach adjacent cells to one another and to allow electrical signals to pass between cells.
intercalated disc
fluid that bathes the cells of the body; in mammals, interstitial fluid leaks from capillaries and is similar in composition to blood plasma, but lacking the large proteins found in plasma.
interstitial fluid
any of the white blood cells circulating in the blood.
leukocyte
a pale fluid found within the lymphatic system; composed primarily of interstitial fluid and white blood cells.
lymph
a small structure located on a lymph vessel, containing macrophages and lymphocytes (B and T cells). Macrophages filter the lymph by removing microbes; lymphocytes are the principal components of the adaptive immune response to infection.
lymph node
the smallest vessel of the lymphatic system. Lymphatic capillaries end blindly in interstitial fluid, which they take up and return to the bloodstream.
lymphatic capillary
a system consisting of lymph vessels, lymph capillaries, lymph nodes, and the thymus, spleen, tonsils, and bone marrow. The lymphatic system helps protect the body against infection, carries fats from the small intestine to blood vessels, and returns excess fluid and small proteins to the blood circulatory system.
lymphatic system
a type of circulatory system found in some invertebrates, such as arthropods and most mollusks, that includes an open space (the hemocoel) in which blood directly bathes body tissues.
open circulatory system
a deposit of cholesterol and other fatty substances within the wall of an artery.
plaque
the fluid, noncellular portion of the blood
plasma
a cell fragment that is formed from megakaryocytes in bone marrow; platelets lack a nucleus; they circulate in the blood and play a role in blood clotting.
platelet
a ring of smooth muscle between an arteriole and a capillary that regulates the flow of blood into the capillary bed.
precapillary sphincter
the pathway of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.
pulmonary circuit
a valve located between the right ventricle of the heart and the pulmonary artery, or between the left ventricle and the aorta; prevents the backflow of blood into the ventricles when they relax.
semilunar valve
a small mass of specialized muscle in the wall of the right atrium; generates electrical signals rhythmically and spontaneously and serves as the heart’s pacemaker.
sinoatrial node
the largest organ of the lymphatic system, located in the abdominal cavity; contains macrophages that filter the blood by removing microbes and aged red blood cells, and lymphocytes (B and T cells) that reproduce during times of infection.
spleen
an interruption of blood flow to part of the brain caused by the rupture of an artery or the blocking of an artery by a blood clot. Loss of blood supply leads to rapid death of the area of the brain affected.
stroke
the blood pressure measured at the peak of contraction of the ventricles; the higher of the two blood pressure readings.
systolic pressure
an enzyme produced in the blood as a result of injury to a blood vessel; catalyzes the production of fibrin, a protein that assists in blood clot formation.
thrombin
an organ of the lymphatic system that is located in the upper chest in front of the heart and that secretes thymosin, which stimulates maturation of T lymphocytes of the immune system.
thymus
a patch of lymphatic tissue, located at the entrance to the pharynx, that contains macrophages and lymphocytes; destroys many microbes entering the body through the mouth and stimulates an adaptive immune response to them.
tonsil
in vertebrates, a large-diameter, thin-walled vessel that carries blood from venules back to the heart; in plants, a vascular bundle in a leaf.
vein
the lower muscular chamber on each side of the heart that pumps blood out through the arteries. The right ventricle sends blood to the lungs; the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body.
ventricle
a narrow vessel with thin walls that carries blood from capillaries to veins.
venule
what kind of circulatory systems are found in vertebrates
open
the heart has ___ chambers and a right and left side
4
tissue in the heart on the _______ side is thicker because it’s for the ____________ circuit
left
systematic
the right side of the heart pumps to the
lungs
the top two chambers of the heart are called the _______ where blood is received
atria
the bottom two chambers are the ____________
ventricles
the left side of the heart has the main artery called the
aorta
the main vein is the
vena cava
__________ helps to control blood flow and keep blood from backflowing
why is an open circulatory system less efficient than a closed circulatory system
a. it is more difficult to extract nutrients and remove waste when they are in the same compartment
b. the blood pressure is higher in an open system, forcing the blood around the body too quickly for nutrients to be delivered and wastes to be picked up
c. blood flows around the body at a constant rate in an open system
d. in an open system, blood is contained in a continuous series of vessels, making it more difficult to distribute nutrients
a. it is more difficult to extract nutrients and remove waste when they are in the same compartment
When exercising, energy sources are burned in what order
a. glucose, protein, fat
b. glucose, glycogen, fatty acids
c. glycogen, glucose, protein
d. protein, fat, glycogen
b. glucose, glycogen, fatty acids
what happens to an excess of any vitamin other than vitamin A, D, E, or K
a. it is stored in fat
b. it is absorbed and converted by the liver
c. it is excreted in the urine
d. it is absorbed by the small intestines and saved until it is needed
c. it is excreted in the urine
Why do you need a balanced diet
a. to get an equal amount of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
b. to get an equal amount of essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins
c.to get the right amount of essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins
d. to be able to produce essential amino acids and essential fatty acids
c.to get the right amount of essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins
why is there so much folding in the intestines
a. poor evolutionary design
b. for increased surface area
c. to house a large amount of bacteria that aid in digestion
d. for increased oxygen flow
b. for increased surface area
which molecules are transferred to the blood by way of lacteals
a. sugars
b.salts
c. amino acids
d. lipids
d. lipids
which describes the correct flow of blood returned to the heart by the vena cava
a. vena cavas, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary veins, lungs, pulmonary arteries, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta
b. vena cavas, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta
c. vena cavas, elft atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary veins, lungs, pulmonary arteries, right atrium, right ventricle, aorta
d. vena vacas, left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulomary veings, right atrium, right ventricle, aorta
b. vena cavas, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta
which of the following is an example of a healthy blood pressure reading
a. diastolic of 120 and systolic 80
b. distolic of 140 and systolic of 90
c. diastolic of 80 and systolic of 120
d. diastolic of 90 and systolic of 140
c. diastolic of 80 and systolic of 120
why would an increase in erythropoietin be beneficial to an athlete
a. it enhances their ability to produce lactic acid
b. it prevents the production of lactic acid in their muscles
c. it enhaces the ability of their red blood cells to carry oxygen
d. it increases the production of red blood cells
d. it increases the production of red blood cells
people who have been trapped in an avalanche or fallen through ice often lose their nose, fingers, and toes. why does this happen?
a. the blood freezes in these areas, causing the tissue to die
b. in extreme cold, the blood is directed to the vital organs in the trunk of the body around the brain
c. the skin is thinner in these areas and does not sufficiently protect against the cold
d. only veins are located in these areas, and most of the heat from the body core has already been distributed by the time the blood arrives to these extremeties
What mechanism helps promote the return of the blood to the heart through the veins
a. the pressure caused by the size difference between the capillaries and veins forces blood back to the heart
b. gravity acts to send blood from the veins back to the heart
c. valves force the blood to move in one direction through the veins back toward the heart
d. veins contract continuously, sending blood back to the heart
which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system
a. to carry fats from the small intestine to the bloodstream
b. to filter the blood of toxins and excess vitamins and drugs
c. to harbor white blood cells to help protect the body from foreign invaders
d. to restore extra fluid from the tissues to the circulatory system
elephantiasis results interstitial fluids in tissues can’t be returned to the circulatory system. What symptoms would this cause
a. high blood pressure
b. low blood pressure
c. swelling in the lower extremitites
d. breaking down of the connective tissue
respiration is the _______________
a. act of breathing in oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide
b. combination of breathing and cellular respiration
c. exchange of gases at the cellular level
d. delivery of nutrients and taking away of wastes
when you choke on water or small food particle, what structure is operating too slowly
a. esophagus
b. pharynx
c. larynx
d. epiglottis
