Exam #1 Flashcards
(200 cards)
1
Q
Anatomy
A
The study of structure and form.
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Q
Physiology
A
The study of function of the body parts.
3
Q
How many steps are there in the scientific method?
A
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4
Q
Scientific Method Step #1
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Examine natural events (or phenomena) through observation.
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Q
Scientific Method Step #3
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Experiment and test the hypothesis through the collection of data.
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Q
Scientific Method Step #2
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Develop a hypothesis (possible explanation) for explaining the phenomena.
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Scientific Method Step #4
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Determine if the data support the hypothesis, or if the hypothesis needs to be rejected or modified.
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Q
How is the scientific method used in the fields of anatomy and physiology today?
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Today, we continue to use the scientific method for a variety of topics, such s to understand how the brain stores memories or explain how cancer may spread throughout the body.
7
Q
How has the scientific method been used in the fields of anatomy and physiology?
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Early anatomists and physiologists used the scientific method to explain how blood circulates through the body.
8
Q
Histology
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The study of body tissues.
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Q
Microscopic Anatomy
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Examines structures that cannot be seen by the unaided eye.
9
Q
What are the two subdivisions of microscopic anatomy?
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Cytology and Histology
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Q
Cytology
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The study of body cells and their internal structure.
11
Q
Gross Anatomy
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Investigates the structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye.
12
Q
What are the subdivisions of Gross Anatomy?
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Systemic Anatomy, Regional Anatomy, Surface Anatomy, Comparative Anatomy, and Embryology.
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Systemic Anatomy
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Studies the anatomy of each functional body system.
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Q
Regional Anatomy
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Examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit.
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Q
Embryology
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The discipline concerned with developmental changes occurring from conception to birth.
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Q
Surface Anatomy
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Focuses on both superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them.
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Q
Comparative Anatomy
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Examines the similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species.
17
Q
Neurophysiology
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Examines how nerve impulses are propagated throughout the nervous system.
17
Q
Name 5 sub disciplines of physiology.
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Cardiovascular Physiology, Neurophysiology, Respiratory Physiology, Reproductive Physiology, and Pathophysiology.
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Q
Cardiovascular Physiology
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Examines the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
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Respiratory Physiology
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Studies how respiratory gases are transferred by gas exchange between the lungs and the blood vessels.
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Reproductive Physiology
Explores how the regulation of reproductive hormones can drive the reproductive cycle and influence sex cell production and maturation.
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Pathophysiology
Investigates the relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury to that organ system.
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How are the studies of form and function interrelated?
The structure and form of a component of the body determine how it functions, meaning you must understand anatomy to understand physiology and visa versa.
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What are the 6 best practices for studying anatomy and physiology?
Schedule regular daily study sessions well before the upcoming exam, Study for multiple short periods of time, Minimize your distractions, Utilize active learning methods wen you study, Study with a partner or group, Utilize all of the resources your textbook has to offer.
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What is an example of an active learning method?
Make your own tables to organize material.
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Active Learning
A process by which you are engaged in the material, problem solving, and applying what you have learned to previous knowledge.
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Organization
All organism exhibit a complex structure and order.
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Metabolism
The sum of all the chemical reactions that occur within the body.
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What are the common characteristics among living things?
Organization, Metabolism, Growth & Development, Responsiveness, Regulation, and Reproduction.
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Growth and Development
During their lifetime, organisms assimilate materials from their environment and often exhibit increased size (growth) and increased specialization as related to form and function (development).
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What are the levels of organization within the body?
Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism.
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Regulation
An organism must be able to adjust internal bodily function in response to environmental changes.
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Reproduction
All organisms produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair.
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Responsiveness
All organisms exhibit responsiveness, which is the ability to detect and react to stimuli (changes in the external or internal environment).
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What is the integumentary system made up of?
The skin, associated glands, nails, and hair.
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What is the function of the integumentary system?
Provides protection, prevents water loss and gain, synthesizes vitamin D, releases secretions, regulates body temperature, and houses sensory receptors.
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What is the muscular system made up of?
The muscles.
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What is the function of the skeletal system?
Provides support and protection, site of hematopoiesis (blood cell production), stores calcium and phosphorus, provides sites for ligament and muscle attachments.
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What is the skeletal system made up of?
The bones.
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What is the function of the muscular system?
Produces body movement, generates heat when muscles contract.
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What is the function of the Nervous System?
Acts as a regulatory system that responds to sensory stimuli and controls muscles and some glands. Also responsible for consciousness, intelligence, and memory.
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What is the function of the endocrine system?
Consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, (some of which regulate development, growth, and metabolism); maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume, control digestive processes, and control reproductive functions.
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What is the function of the urinary system?
Filters the blood to remove waste products and biologically active molecules, concentrates waste products in the form of urine and expels urine from the body.
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What is the function of the respiratory system?
Responsible for exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and the air in the lungs.
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What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
Consist of the heart 9a pump) and blood vessels; the heart moves blood though blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste products.
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Why is the anatomical position important in the study of anatomy?
Anatomists and physiologists describe body parts based on the premise that the body is in the anatomic position, which provides accuracy and clarity.
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What is the function of the male reproductive system?
produces male sex cells (sperm) and male hormones (e.g., testosterone), transfers sperm to the female.
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What is the function of the digestive system?
Mechanically and chemically digests food, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products.
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What is the function of the female reproductive system?
produces female sex cells (oocytes) and female hormones (e.g., estrogen and progesterone), receives sperm from male, site of fertilization of oocyte, site of growth and development of embryo and fetus, produces and secretes breast milk for nourishment of newborn.
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Anatomic Position
An individual in the anatomic position stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor, the upper limbs are at the sides of the body, and the palms face anteriorly; the head is level and the eyes look forward toward the observer.
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Midsagittal Plane
Left and Right
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Coronal Plane
Posterior and Anterior
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Transverse Plane
Superior and Inferior
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Plane
Implies an imaginary flat surface passing through the body.
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Section
Implies an actual cut or slice to expose the internal anatomy.
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Sagittal Plane
A plane that is either to the left or right of the midsagittal plane.
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Oblique Plane
Creates sections through 3-Dimensional Structures by passing through the structure at an angle.
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Posterior
In back of; toward the back surface.
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Anterior
In front of; toward the front surface
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Dorsal
Toward the back side of the human body.
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Ventral
Toward the belly side of the human body.
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Superior
Closer to the head.
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Inferior
Closer to the feet.
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Cranial/Cephalic
Toward the head end.
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Rostral
Toward the nose or mouth.
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Caudal
Toward the rear or tail end.
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Medial
Toward the midline of the body.
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Lateral
Away from the midline of the body.
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Ipsilateral
On the same side.
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Contralateral
On the opposite side.
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Deep
Closer to the inside, internal to another structure.
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Proximal
Closer to the point of attachment to the trunk.
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Superficial
Closer to the outside, external to another structure.
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Antebrachial Region
Forearm (the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist.
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Abdominal Region
Region inferior to the thorax (chest) and superior to the pelvic brim of the hip bones.
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Distal
Farther away from point of attachment to trunk.
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Antecubital Region
Region anterior to the elbow; also known as the cubital region.
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Auricular Region
Visible surface structures of the ear.
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Axillary Region
Armpit
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Brachial Region
Arm (the portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow).
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Buccal Region
Cheek
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Carpal Region
Wrist
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Calcaneal Region
Hell of the foot.
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Cephalic Region
Head
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Cervical Region
Neck
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Coxal Region
Hip
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Cranial Region
Skull
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Crural Region
Leg (the portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle).
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Deltoid Region
Shoulder
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Digital Region
Fingers or toes (also called phalangeal)
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Dorsal Region/Dorsum
Back
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Facial Region
Face
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Femoral Region
Thigh
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Fibular Region
Lateral aspect of the leg.
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Frontal Region
Forehead
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Gluteal Region
Buttock
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Hallux
Great toe
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Inguinal Region
Groin 9sometimes used to indicate the crease or junction of the thigh with the trunk.
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Lumbar Region
The "small of the back": the inferior part of the back between eh ribs and pelvis.
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Mammary Region
Breast
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Manus
Hand
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Mental
Chin
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Nasal
Nose
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Occipital Region
Posterior aspect of the head.
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Olecranal Region
Posterior aspect of the elbow.
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Oral Region
Mouth
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Orbital Region
Eye
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Palmar Region
Palm (anterior surface) of the hand.
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Patellar Region
Kneecap
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Pectoral Region
Chest, includes mammary region.
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Pelvic Region
Pelvis; region inferior to the pelvic brim of the hip bones.
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Plantar Region
Sole of the foot.
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Perineal Region
Diamond-shaped region between the thighs that contains the anus and external reproductive organs.
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Pes
Foot
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Pollex
Thumb
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Popliteal Region
Area posterior to the knee.
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Pubic Region
Anterior region of the pelvis.
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Radial Region
Lateral aspect (thumb side) of forearm.
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Sacral Region
Posterior region between the hip bones.
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Scapular Region
Shoulder blade.
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Sternal Region
Anterior middle region of the thorax.
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Thoracic Region
Part of torso superior to thoracic diaphragm; contains the pectoral, axillary, and sternal regions.
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Sural Region
Calf (posterior part of the leg).
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Tarsal Region
Proximal part of the foot and ankle.
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Tibial Region
Medial aspect of leg.
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Posterior Aspect
Contains cavities that are completely encased in bones and are physically and developmentally different from the ventral cavity.
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Umbilical Region
Navel
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Ulnar Region
Medial aspect (pinky side) of the forearm.
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Vertebral Region
Spinal column
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What makes up the Posterior Aspect?
Cranial Cavity and Vertebral Canal
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What is the Cranial Cavity?
The Cranial Cavity is formed by the bones of the cranium and contains the brain.
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What is contained within the Body Cavities?
Many vital organs
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What is the Vertebral Canal?
The Vertebral Canal is formed by the bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord.
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What are the two main spaces in the body?
Posterior Aspect and Ventral Cavity
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A cranial cavity is formed by the bones of the cranium, and so it also goes by what name?
Endocranium
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What makes up the Ventral Cavity?
Thoracic Cavity and Abdominopelvic Cavity
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What makes up the Abdominopelvic Cavity?
Abdominal Cavity and Pelvic Cavity
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What is the ventral cavity?
The larger, anteriorly placed cavity in the body, in which the organs are not completely encased in bones.
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What is found in the ventral cavity, below the thoracic cavity?
The thoracic diaphragm
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What makes up the Thoracic Cavity?
Mediastinum, Pleural Cavity, Pericardial Cavity.
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What are the subdivisions of the ventral cavity lined with?
Thin serous membranes
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What are the two layers formed be serous membranes?
Parietal and Visceral
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What is the Parietal layer of the serous membrane?
The layer that typically lines the internal surface of the body wall.
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What is the Visceral layer of the serous membrane?
The layer that covers the external surface of the organs within that cavity.
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What is found between the parietal and visceral serous membrane layers?
A potential space called the serous cavity.
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What do serous membranes secrete within the serous cavity?
A liquid called serous fluid
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What is the function of serous fluid?
It serves as a lubricant..
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Pericardium is protaining to what?
The heart
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Pleura/Pleural is protaining to what?
The lungs
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Peritoneum is protaining to what?
The Abdominopelvic region
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What is the name of the top left abdominopelvic region?
Left hypochondriac region.
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What is the name of the top middle abdominopelvic region?
Epigastric region
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What is the name of the top right abdominopelvic region?
Right hypochondriac region
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What is the name of the middle left abdominopelvic region?
Left lumbar region
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What is the name of the middle abdominopelvic region?
Umbilical Region
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What is the name of the middle right abdominopelvic region?
Right lumbar region
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What is the name of the bottom left abdominopelvic region?
Left iliac region
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What is the name of the bottom middle abdominopelvic region?
Hypogastric region
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What is the name of the bottom right abdominopelvic region?
Right iliac region
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What are the four Abdominopelvic Quadrants?
Left Upper Quadrant, Right Upper Quadrant, Left Lower Quadrant, Right Lower Quadrant
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What are the components of a homeostatic system?
Stimulus, Receptor, Control Center, and Effector
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Stimulus
Changes in a variable that is regulated (e.g., temperature, stretch in muscle).
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Control Center
Structure (usually the brain or endocrine gland) that integrates input and then initiates change through the effector(s).
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Receptor
Structure that detects the stimulus (e.g., sensory neurons in the skin, stretch receptor in muscle).
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Effector
Structure (e.g., muscle or gland) that brings about a change to the stimulus.
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Negative Feedback
Control mechanism that keeps a variable within normal levels, the resulting action is always in the opposite direction of the stimulus, maintaining the variable within a normal level/set point.
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Positive Feedback
Control Mechanism that increases the original change in a variable, the stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climactic event occurs, after which the body returns to homeostasis.
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How do homeostatic mechanisms regulated by negative feedback detect and respond to environmental changes?
Receptors detect stimulus, receptors send information to brain, Hypothalamus of Bain compares sensory input regarding stimulus, hypothalamus directs a response to effectors, effectors make a change in order to bring the body back to the set point.
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What is the general relationship of maintaining homeostasis to health and disease?
Maintaining homeostasis keeps the human body in good health and prevents disease, it is when homeostatic systems fail that disease occurs.
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Matter
A substance that has mass and occupies space.
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What are the three forms of matter?
Solid, liquid, and gas.
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What re atoms composed of?
Three subatomic particles
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What are the three subatomic particles that atoms are composed of?
Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
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Protons
Located in the nucleus of the atom, have a positive charge.
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Neutrons
Located in the nucleus of the atom, have a neutral charge.
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Electrons
Located in the Electron Shell/Energy cloud of the atom, have a negative charge.
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How are elements arranged in the periodic table based on atomic number?
Going from right to left, top to bottom, the atomic mass increases with each element on the periodic table.
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Isotope
Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons, but differ in the number of neutrons.
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Radioisotopes
Unstable forms of an isotope, due to the fact that their nuclei contain an excess number of neutrons, making them radioactive.
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What is the octet rule?
Most atoms obtain an outer shell with eight electrons and gain chemical stability through the loss, gain, or sharing of electrons.
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How are elects organized in the periodic table based on the cadence electron number?
Each column of elements is assignment a number of valence electrons, they are numbered 1 through 8, left to right.
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Ion
An atom, or group of atoms, with a positive or negative electrical charge.
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Cations
Ions with a positive charge.
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Anions
Ions with a negative charge.
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List common Cations in the body?
Sodium Ion, Potassium Ion, Calcium Ion, Magnesium Ion, and Hydrogen Ion.
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List common anions in the body.
Chloride ion, bicarbonate ion, and phosphate ion.
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Ionic Bonds
Positively charged cations and negatively charged anions that have binded together by electrostatic interactions.
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Describe an ionic compound of NaCl.
Each sodium atom loses one outer shell electron to a chlorine atom, the sodium atom then becomes a sodium ion and the chlorine atom becomes a chloride ion, the oppositely charged Na+ and Cl- are held together by ionic bonds.
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Give an example of a molecular formula.
H2CO3
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Molecular Formula
The number and types of atoms composing. molecule.
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Structural Formula
The structural formula of a molecule is complementary to its molecular formula and exhibits not only the numbers and types of atoms, but also their special arrangements within the molecule.
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What are structural formulas helpful for and why?
Structural formulas are helpful for highlighting the difference between isomers because they demonstrate the structure, instead of just he number of each type of molecule.
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Polar Amino Acids
Contain R groups with elements in addition to Carbon and Hydrogen.
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Nonpolar Amino Acids
Contain R groups with either hydrogen or hydrocarbons.
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Charged Amino Acids
Amino acids with negatively charged R group include glutamate and asparate and those with a positively charged R group include histidine, lysine, and arginine.
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Amino Acids with Special functions
Proline, cysteine, and methionine have unique characteristics.
