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PSY 333 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Diathesis - Stress Model?

A
  • Both diathesis and stress are seen as binary (present/absent)
  • diathesis is generally assumed to be genetic and specific to a single disorder
  • stress is assumed to be non - specific, playing a role in most disorders
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2
Q

What is the Vulnerability Model?

A
  • Vulnerability and Stress are continuous dimensions
  • Multiple factors can contribute to vulnerability
  • theres a balance between the amount of stress and vulnerability to a disorder before you develop a disorder
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3
Q

What are some factors that can contribute to vulnerability?

A
  • Genes
  • Early environment
  • Past Stressors
  • Neurotransmitter
  • Hormonal Dysregulation
  • Personality Traits
  • Cognitive biases
  • Poor emotional regulation skills
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4
Q

What is Equifinality (etiological heterogeneity)?

A

Different causes lead to the same outcome

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5
Q

What is Multifinality (pleiotropy)

A

One cause can lead to different outcomes

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6
Q

What are some challenges to establishing causality?

A
  • Almost always correlational
  • Demonstrating temporal precedence
  • Ruling out confounding factors that might explain association of risk factor with outcome (3rd variables)
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7
Q

What is an example of demonstrating temporal precedence?

A

Person with risk factor more likely to develop disorder in the future. The risk factor precedes disorder onset

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8
Q

What is an example of ruling out confounding factors that might explain association of risk factor with outcome?

A

To show that a risk factor plays a causal role, need to rule out competing explanations involving factors that might cause both the risk factor and the outcome.

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9
Q

What is the evolutionary perspective?

A

Psychopathology research concerned with “individual differences” - how people vary on traits or disorders

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10
Q

Why are people capable of experiencing mood disorders?

A

Multiple theories for mood disorders, but are difficult to test.

  • what are the adaptive functions? How did it contribute to reproductive fitness?
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11
Q

What is the 17th century on conceptualizing disease?

A

Syndrome - cluster of signs and symptoms with characteristics course over time (Sydenham)

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12
Q

What is the 18th century on conceptualizing disease?

A

pathophysiology

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13
Q

What is the 19th century on conceptualizing disease?

A

etiology (germ theory of disease)

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14
Q

What is the 20th century on conceptualizing disease?

A

chronic diseases and multifactorial models

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15
Q

What is a Manic Episode?

A

Distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or
irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased energy or activity

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16
Q

How many symptoms are needed to be diagnosed for Mania

A

At least 3 (4 if mood only irritable)

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17
Q

What are the symptoms for a Manic Episode

A
  1. Inflated self-esteem; grandiosity
  2. Decreased need for sleep
  3. More talkative; pressured speech
  4. Flight of ideas; racing thoughts
  5. Distractibility
  6. Goal-directed activity;
  7. psychomotor agitation
  8. Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities with high potential for painful consequences
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18
Q

What is the minimum duration of a Manic Episode to be diagnosed?

A

Duration of at least 1 wk or hospitalization and marked impairment

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19
Q

What is a Hypomanic Episode?

A

Same as manic episode, except:

  • No history of manic episode
  • No psychosis and impairment is not marked
20
Q

What are the symptoms of a Hypomanic Episode

A

Same as manic episode, except:

No psychosis and impairment is not marked

21
Q

What is the minimum duration of a Hypomanic Episode in order to be diagnosed?

A

Minimum duration 4 days

22
Q

What is Major Depressive Disorder?

A

Depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure

23
Q

How many symptoms are needed to be diagnosed for Major Depression?

A

At least 5

24
Q

What are the symptoms of a Major Depressive Episode?

A
  1. Depressed mood
  2. Loss of interest or pleasure (anhedonia)
  3. Significant change in weight or appetite
  4. Insomnia or hypersomnia
  5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation
  6. Fatigue; loss of energy
  7. Worthlessness; guilt
  8. Difficulty thinking, concentrating, making decisions
  9. Thoughts of death; suicidal ideation or behavior
25
Q

What is the minimum duration of a Major Depressive Episode in order to be diagnosed?

A

Duration of at least 2 weeks (most of the day, nearly every day)

26
Q

What is the DSM-5 Classification of Bipolar 1

A

Bipolar 1 (manic episode)

27
Q

What is the DSM-5 Classification of Bipolar 2

A

Bipolar 2 (hypomanic + major depressive episode)

28
Q

What is the Differential Susceptibility Model?

A

Diathesis as reactivity to the environment (for better or for worse)

Some people are very sensitive to the environment they are living in while others are just okay with it regardless of the environment

29
Q

What is Persistent Depressive Disorder?

A

Depressed mood, most of day, more days than not for at least 2 years

30
Q

How many symptoms are needed to diagnose PDD?

A

At least 2

31
Q

What are the symptoms of PDD?

A
  1. Poor appetite or overeating
  2. Insomnia or hypersomnia
  3. Low energy or fatigue
  4. Low self-esteem
  5. Difficulty thinking, concentrating, making decisions
  6. Hopelessness
32
Q

What is the minimum duration of PDD in order to be diagnosed?

A

for at least 2 years

33
Q

What is Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder?

A

Characterized by disturbances in mood (e.g., irritability, mood swings) that repeatedly occur sometime after ovulation and remit within a few days of menses

34
Q

What is the minimum duration of PMDD in order to be diagnosed?

A

Must occur in most menstrual cycles during past year

35
Q

How often is PMDD diagnosed?

A
  • Prevalence is between 1-2% - only a small minority of menstruating women
  • Menstrual-cycle related exacerbations of MDD and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) are much more common
  • Not caused by hormones per se, but by heightened sensitivity to normal cyclical changes in hormones after ovulation
36
Q

What is Comorbidity?

A

Co-Occurrences of 2 or more disorders

37
Q

What is the problem with the current classification system of Comorbidity?

A

Vast majority of people with 1 disorder meet criteria for multiple disorders.

38
Q

What is the correlated factor model?

A

Created by Tom Hopkinback, is a diagnostic system based on data where the first two groups were called internalizing and externalizing

39
Q

What is the HiTop model?

A
  • Shows how different disorders are related to each other in a hierarchal sense
  • Emphasized Dimensions
40
Q

What is the comorbidity rate of Anxiety Disorders

A

greater than 50%

41
Q

Which HiTop distress factors are included with Anxiety Disorders?

A
  • Depression
  • Generalized Anxiety
  • PTSD
42
Q

What is the Tripartite Model for Anxiety Disorders?

A
  • Depression and Anxiety - high negative effect
  • Depression - low positive effect
  • Anxiety - other specific factors
43
Q

How do shared genes play a role in Anxiety Disorders?

A
  • Age dependent genetic expression
  • Environmental differences - loss vs threat events
44
Q

What is Kraeplin’s distinction between manic-depressive illness and schizophrenia?

A
  1. Overlapping symptoms but different courses
  2. all the classic signs of schizophrenia can be observed in mood disorders
  3. Many patients exhibit symptoms of both disorders [schizoaffective]
45
Q

How did DSM - III narrow the definition of Schizophrenia?

A
  1. Shifted most cases with symptoms of both disorders from schizophrenia to psychotic mood disorders
  2. Redefined “schizoaffective” from overlapping symptoms to temporal relationship between schizophrenia and mood disorder symptoms
  3. Schizoaffective - both sets of symptoms but schizophrenia symptoms are evident even when mood disorder symptoms are not.
46
Q

How did Emil Kraepelin contribute to the manic depression discussion?

A
  • Argued that mania and depression are parts of a single disorder
  • Noticed that symptoms overlap with schizophrenia but the two disorders are distinguished by their course
  • Manic - depression is episodic, remitting course
  • Schizophrenia is chronic and deteriorating course

PSY 333 (2 decks)

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