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A/P lecture 1 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

waste products examples

A

CO2, H+, solid waste, H2O, urea

  • CO2 by-product of metabolism
  • protons and H2O can form from chemical reactions
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2
Q

what does homeostasis relate to?

A

physiology

conditions inside our body that are maintained by constant conditions

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3
Q

How are tissues metabolic demands met?

A

deliver only enough blood to meet peripheral circulatory bed needs

  • active cells burn oxygen/glucose
  • changes the composition on the surrounding cells
  • deficiency of nutrients detected by CV sensors
  • metabolism increases by increasing BP
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4
Q

negative feedback examples

A

low BP
- increase SNS, decrease PNS
- increase AVP/ADH (arginine vasopressin, antidiuretic hormone) both released by pituitary gland. common in L&D
- decreased ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)

high CO2
- increased respirations
- lower CO2

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5
Q

positive feedback GOOD

A
  • checkpoints for safety

GOOD
- oxytocin induced uterine contraction
- injuried blood vessel, exposed co-ag factors, promote platelet plug formation. TXA2 mediated

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6
Q

positive feedback BAD

A

vicious cycles/ pathologic

  • sepsis/necrosis
  • acidosis
  • severe hemorrhage
  • aging in the kidney: age 45 nephrons die
    kidney has 1million nephrons
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7
Q

how much blood can our body loose

A

20%

ex) 1 liter blood loss form 5 liters total blood

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8
Q

positive vs negative feedback for shock

A

negative feedback= compensated
- BP reduced initial but body able to compensate (vasoconstriction, increased HR, fluid shifts)

positive feedback= uncompensated

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9
Q

what cells are not capable for replication

A

if cell not able to replicate usually there is a progenitor cell nearby to perform the task

  • RBC can’t (no nucleus) but bone marrow (progenitor stem cells) can. RBC last 90-120 days and then get replaced
  • neurons in the CNS: not very fast or often
  • heart cells: very slow rate
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10
Q

tissue vs organ definition

A

tissue: groups of cells that are like-minded, organize together to perform a function

organs: collections of different types of tissues. maintain internal environment

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11
Q

mitochondria

A

all cells have them

produce ATP from energy compounds and oxygen

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12
Q

peroxisomes

A

CATALASE enzyme degrades things inside cells via oxidation reactions

lots of peroxisomes in the liver (ethanol)

process toxins

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13
Q

lysosomes

A

acidic environment to degrade things inside the cell

recycling plant

dysfunctional protein: lysosome will destroy by pulling apart amino acids and releasing into the cytoplasm to be used by ribosomes for a new protein

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14
Q

where do most chemical reactions take place inside the cell

A

cytoplasm

70-80% water

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15
Q

nuclear wall

A

between the cytoplasm and the nucleus

double phospholipid bilayer
pores
very selective

steroids CAN enter to affect gene transcription to turn on stress response proteins

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16
Q

what structure extends from the nuclear wall

A

endoplasmic reticulum
- calcium storage (ex: muscle cells in the ER)
- rough/granular: produces proteins
- smooth: produces lipids

17
Q

What things does our DNA encode for?

A

lipids or proteins

18
Q

secretory vesicles

A

have active proteins or peptides that need to go outside the cell

EX: ADH or oxytocin in these vesicles move to the cell wall, fuse with it, and dump contents outside the cell wall

cells specialized for secreting signaling compounds have lots of these

19
Q

protein production from the nucleus

A

IN NUCLEUS:
- DNA encodes a protein that is transcribed, producing RNA

RNA travels through nuclear wall to ribosomes, then translate the proteins

  • 95% protein formation in ER ribosomes
  • 5% protein formation in ribosomes in the cytoplasm (which don’t get packaged, do a lot of the heavy lifting)
20
Q

amino acids

A

Alanine
Cysteine
Histidine
Phenylalanine
Serine
proline

21
Q

how to ribosomes create proteins

A

RNA contains nucleotides in a specific order which dictates which amino acids from the cytosol get put together and what order

ribosomes move the RNA along its sensor to grab the amino acids

22
Q

organelle examples

A

mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, transport vesicles, secretory vesicles

23
Q

what are enzymes

give 3 examples

A

protein ending in -ase

speeds up/catalyzes a chemical reaction

  • ATPase: pumps Na and K across cell wall by metabolizing ATP

-ATPase: in our muscle cells that help us have force to contract the muscle

  • Catalase: enzyme in peroxisomes that oxidize compounds
24
Q

structural components of the cell

A

-fillaments or proteins to “prop” it open/give shape
- big fat cell subject to external shape
- proteins allowing something to cross the cellular membrane

25
Q

2 motility structures

A

cilia: small projections out of cell to move fluid/mucus around the cell (ex: airway)

flagella: moves a cell around its environment

26
Q

Genetic material types

A

DNA in the nulceus, turns into RNA by transcription, RNA sent to ER for processing of fats/proteins

mitochondria DNA: separate from host/human DNA
- from mother
- 12-20 different sets
- can be used for lineage: crimes, ancestry)
- gives us variability in inheriting energy producing organelles that are super efficient… not only 1 version

27
Q

3 functions of proteins

A

functional, structural, enzyme

28
Q

“sugars”

A

glyco-

starch/sugar
carboxy-
carb-

29
Q

sugar function in a cell

A
  • glucose is converted into APT through glycolysis in the cytoplasm (anaerobic metabolic pathway)
  • proteins have sugar attached to them for structural function or ID function
  • glycoproteins: ID tags… self vs non-self… immune system can attack that cell
  • “sticky” attaches cells together.. good or bad
  • carboxyhemoglobin: sugar stuck to hemoglobin… making it less functional (inhibits aerobic metabolism… causing inflammatory cascade.. damage to CNS)
  • external sugars (specific shape/charge)… mostly negative charge… repels proteins that are floating in the area (also negative charged).
    *KIDNEY: uses these so not much protein is filtered in the urine
30
Q

cell water

soluble VS insoluble things

A

soluble
- ions
- proteins (some) or partially soluble (the part exposed to water)
-carbohydrates (charged compounds.. glucose)
- CO2
- buffers (found in all compartments in our body, manage pH)
- some drugs

insoluble:
- cholesterol/lipids
- steroids
- drugs that have a carrier compound (propofol)
- N2O nitrous gas

31
Q

what do non-soluable drugs typically contain

A

a carrier protein or lipid to carry the drug through the CV system (mostly water)

32
Q

total body water

A

60% body mass

ICF: 2/3. 28L
ECF: 1/3. 14L

PLASMA: 1/4. 3.5L
ISF: 3/4. 10.5L

1L water = 1 kg
ICF: 70-80% water from whole body

33
Q

cell membrane vs capillary membrane

A

cell membrane: between ICF and ECF
- tight barrier/impermeable
- hard for ions to get across unless a channel/pump

capillary membrane: separates plasma from ISF
- endothelia cells
- porous/permeable to small ions EXCEPT the brain
- prevents CV proteins from leaking out

34
Q

homeostasis

A

steady state NOT equilibrium

35
Q

things in the cell membrane

A

phospholipids
glycolipids (sugar attached to lipid)
cholesterol (could lead to rigid stiff vessels)
precursor molecules (cholesterol)
proteins
glycoproteins (sugar attached to protein)

glycocalyx (glycolipids and glycoproteins)
sum of all external sugar groups that body uses for immune system (ex. uncontrolled DM leads to massive inflammatory response and glycocalyx doesn’t look human)

36
Q

what atoms make up the lipid tails in the cell wall

A

mostly carbon and hydrogen

37
Q

cholesterol

A

planar molecule
rigid
increased membrane fluidity temp >37
lipid soluble, non polar
fatty compound in the cell wall
endothelial cells become stiff (atherosclerosis)

polar OH group sticks out exposed to water (inside or outside) used for something to grab it from the cell wall and metabolize it for something useful

transport proteins?
corticosteroid precursor?

38
Q

cholesterol synthesis

A

exogenous 20% 1/5th
endogenous 80%

statins affected by:
Acetyl-CoA and Acetoacetyl-CoA
big sugar compounds that the body can use to build things. widely available by products of metabolism. if we have the right enzymes around we can use them to produce more ATP from glucose and oxygen OR create something (cholesterol)

39
Q

cholesterol metabolites

A

testosterone (T)
estradiol (E2)
Progesterone
Androstenedione (testosterone precursor)
coritsol
aldosterone

cortisol and aldosterone (stress hormones) from adrenal gland. Receptors for both very similar and have cross reactivity

cortisol has an OH group that if sticks out in the ICF instead of ECF the cell can use it better

Each step is catalyzed by a different enzyme manipulating the cholesterol molecule and making different structures

A/P lecture 1 (7 decks)

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