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ANTH 443 Dental Anthropology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

Lectures 1 and 2

1
Q

What are the 5 types of teeth?

A

Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars

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2
Q

What does maxillary location mean?

A

Upper portion of the mouth

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3
Q

What does mandibular location mean?

A

Lower portion of the mouth

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4
Q

When looking at the labial side of a tooth what facial body part would the tooth be touching?

A

The lips

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5
Q

When looking at the buccal side of a tooth what facial body part would the tooth be touching?

A

The cheeks

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6
Q

When looking at the lingual side of a tooth what facial body part would the tooth be touching?

A

The tongue

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7
Q

Which teeth have labial surfaces?

A

Incisors and Canines

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8
Q

Which teeth have buccal surfaces?

A

Premolars and Molars

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9
Q

What surface of the tooth does incisal or occlusal refer to?

A

The top of the tooth

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10
Q

Which teeth are referred to when discussing the incisal surface?

A

Incisors and canines

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11
Q

Which teeth are referred to when discussing the occlusal surface?

A

Premolars and Molars

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12
Q

Which orientation does mesial refer to?

A

towards the front of the mouth

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13
Q

which orientation does distal refer to?

A

towards the back of the mouth

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14
Q

What are the three main anatomical parts of the tooth?

A

Crown
Neck
Root

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15
Q

What is the mesial marginal ridge of a tooth?

A

The ridge at the edge of the tooth towards the front of the mouth

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16
Q

What is the distal marginal ridge?

A

The ridge at the edge of the tooth towards the back of the mouth

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17
Q

What is the highest portion on the surface of an incisor?

A

The incisal ridge

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18
Q

What is the highest portion of a canine, premolar, or molar?

A

The cusp tip

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19
Q

What are the 3 parts that multi-cusped teeth have?

A

cusp ridges
grooves
fossa
basin

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20
Q

What is the fossa of a tooth?

A

low points where grooves of a tooth meet

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21
Q

Incisal edge/single cusp teeth have a _______

A

lingual fossa

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22
Q

What is the basin of a tooth?

A

the space in which the grooves and fossa meet

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23
Q

What are the 4 parts of the crown of a tooth?

A

Enamel
Ameloblasts
Dentin
Odontoblasts

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24
Q

What makes up 94% of enamel?

A

inorganic material

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25
Q

What makes up 4% of enamel?

A

Organic material and water

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26
Q

What is the function of the ameloblasts? When do they lose function?

A

To form the enamel and lose function after formation

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27
Q

What composes 70% of dentine?

A

minerals

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28
Q

What composes 20% of dentine?

A

organic tissue

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29
Q

what composes 10% of dentine?

A

water

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30
Q

What is the pulp of the tooth?

A

Soft tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves and is completely enclosed by dentine

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31
Q

What is the neck of a tooth?

A

the portion of the tooth where the crown and root meet that contains the EDJ

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32
Q

What does EDJ stand for?

A

Enamel-dentin junction

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33
Q

What is the root of a tooth?

A

the apical region of tooth which extends into the jaw

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34
Q

What is the function of the periodontal ligament?

A

It holds the tooth into its socket

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35
Q

What is the apical foramen

A

the opening at the base of the root

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36
Q

what is the function of the cementum?

A

it attaches to the periodontal ligament to hold the tooth into place

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37
Q

What are the 4 tissues of the periodontium?

A

Gingiva
Cementum
Periodontal Ligament
Alveolar Bone

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38
Q

What is the cementum?

A

a thin bone-like structure that continuously forms and covers root dentine and attaches to periodontal ligament

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39
Q

What are the 2 components of the cementum?

A

Acellular
Cellular

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40
Q

Where can you find the acellular cementum?

A

it extends from the CEJ to root apex

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41
Q

What does CEJ stand for?

A

Cementum-enamel junction

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42
Q

Where can you find the cellular cementum?

A

the apical 3rd of the root

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43
Q

What does the shorthand for labelling teeth - URM3 - represent?

A

Upper Right Molar 3

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44
Q

What does the shorthand for labelling teeth - LLP2- represent?

A

Lower Left Premolar 2

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45
Q

What does the shorthand for labelling teeth - uli1- represent?

A

Deciduous upper left incisor 1

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46
Q

What does the shorthand for labelling teeth - llc - represent?

A

lower left canine

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47
Q

What type of tooth does uppercase shorthand describe?

A

a permanent tooth

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48
Q

What type of tooth does lowercase shorthand for labelling teeth mean?

A

a deciduous/primary tooth

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49
Q

How many deciduous/primary teeth are there?

50
Q

What are characteristics of deciduous/primary teeth?

A

smaller
thinner enamel and roots
more yellow color
more and deeper ridges

51
Q

What is the dental formula for deciduous teeth?

52
Q

How many permanent teeth are there?

53
Q

What are characteristics of a permanent tooth?

A

Thicker enamel
Thicker roots

54
Q

What are the anterior permanent teeth?

A

Incisors and canines

55
Q

What are the posterior permanent teeth?

A

Premolars and molars

56
Q

What are set traits for tooth identification?

A

whether a tooth is deciduous or permanent

57
Q

what are class traits for tooth identification?

A

the type of tooth
i.e. incisor, canine, premolar, molar

58
Q

what are arch traits of tooth identification?

A

whether a tooth is maxillary (upper) or mandibular (lower)

59
Q

What are the ways to identify deciduous/primary teeth?

A

thinner enamel that bulges out around the neck
Shorter and more bulbous crown
Presence of sever neck constriction
thin and narrow roots
shorter root trunks
molar roots are more widely spread

60
Q

What are the steps to identifying a tooth?

A
  1. what type of tooth/class trait
  2. upper or lower tooth/arch trait
  3. position of tooth
  4. if tooth is on the left or right of the mouth
61
Q

What is the difference between incisors and canines

A

incisors = blade like
canines = pointed

62
Q

What are characteristics of an upper/maxillary incisor?

A

larger crown that is thick labio-lingually
round and long roots

63
Q

what are characteristics of a mandibular/lower incisor?

A

smaller crown with more square shape
flat roots

64
Q

What are characteristics of an upper central (position 1) incisor?

A

if unworn: presence of mamelons
larger crown width
more symmetrical crown

65
Q

what are characteristics of an upper lateral (position 2) incisor?

A

smaller crown width
more asymmetrical crown
more fan shaped and thinner

66
Q

What are characteristics of an upper central incisor that identify if it is left or right?

A

Mesial edge is straight
Distal edge is rounded
Mesial CEJ is deeper than the distal CEJ

67
Q

What are characteristics of an upper lateral incisor that identify if it is left or right?

A

Crown is “pointed” mesially in labial view
Mesial CEJ is deeper than distal CEJ

68
Q

What are some characteristics of the lower central (position 1) incisor?

A

Generally larger crown
More fan shaped
Less symmetrical

69
Q

What are some characteristics of a lower lateral (position 2) incisor?

A

Generally smaller crown
More narrow sides
More symmetrical

70
Q

What are characteristics of a lower central incisor that identify if it is left or right?

A

Mesial CEJ is deeper than distal CEJ

71
Q

What are characteristics of a lower lateral incisor that identify if it is left or right?

A

Mesial incisal edge is straighter and higher than distal
Incisal edge is twisted to follow jawline
Mesial CEJ is deeper than distal CEJ

72
Q

What are some characteristics of an upper canine?

A

crowns are stout and shorter

73
Q

What is the characteristic of a lower canine?

A

elongated crown

74
Q

What are characteristics of an upper canine that determine if it is a left or right tooth?

A

distal edge bulges
Incisal edge is short mesially
CEJ is deeper mesially
Root tip curves ditally

75
Q

What are characteristics of a lower canine that determine if it is a right or left tooth?

A

Mesial edge of crown is in line with root
Incisal edge is shorter mesially
CEJ is deeper mesially
Root tip curves distally

76
Q

What are the characteristics of an upper premolar?

A

More oval shaped occlusal surface
Central groove between cusps
Lingual and buccal cusps are more similar in height

77
Q

what are characteristics of a lower premolar?

A

Eocristid separates mesial and distal fossa
Buccal cusp taller than lingual cusp

78
Q

What is the eocristid?

A

the ridge separating lingual and buccal cusps

79
Q

What are characteristics of the upper first premolar?

A

Generally has 2 roots that are larger
larger central groove
has mesial concavity: canine fossa that extends to the root
developmental groove crosses mesial marginal ridge

80
Q

What are characteristics of the upper second premolar?

A

smaller central groove
smaller crown
cusps are almost equal in height

81
Q

What are some ways to distinguish the side of the upper first premolar?

A

Buccal cusp is more developed
Lingual cusp is shifted mesially
Developmental groove and fossa are mesial
Mesial marginal ridge is higher than distal ridge

82
Q

What are some characteristics of the lower second premolar?

A

lingual cusp and buccal cusp are similar in height
smaller lingual cusp
more rectangular occlusal shape
central groove across eocristid

83
Q

What are characteristics of the lower first premolar?

A

Very small lingual cusp
mesial ridge is long and straight
distal ridge is short and curved
distal basin is larger than the mesial basin
occlusal surface is oriented at 45 degrees

84
Q

What are some ways to distinguish which side the lower first premolar is on?

A

distal basin is larger than mesial
mesial lingual marginal groove
lingual cusp is offset towards mesial
root tip bends distally

85
Q

What are some ways to distinguish which side the lower second premolar is on?

A

Lingual cusp is offset towards mesial
distal basin is larger than mesial
root tip bends distally

86
Q

What are some characteristics of an upper molar?

A

Have three roots
Have four cusps
More square crown with offset cusps

87
Q

What are the four cusps of an upper molar in order?

A

protocone, paracone, metacone, hypocone

88
Q

Does an upper molar have 2 buccal or 2 lingual roots when they have 3 total roots?

89
Q

What are characteristics of a lower molar?

A

have two roots
five cusps
more elongated, rectangle shape

90
Q

What are the five cusps of a lower molar in order?

A

Protoconid, metaconid, entoconid, hypoconid, hypoconulid

91
Q

Which cusp may be missing from a lower molar?

A

the hypoconulid

92
Q

Which cusp might be missing from an upper molar?

A

the hypocone

93
Q

What are characteristics of an upper first molar?

A

largest crown size
well-developed hypocone cusp
more divergent root

94
Q

What are characteristics of the upper second molar?

A

intermediate crown size
smaller/less developed hypocone cusp

95
Q

What are characteristics of the upper third molar?

A

smallest crown size
small/absent hypocone cusp
close together or fused roots

96
Q

How do you distinguish between a right or left upper molar?

A

protocone is the largest cusp and is located mesiolingually
hypocone located distolingually
the paracone and metacone are located buccally
the lingual surface is gently rounded
the buccal surface is more vertical
lingual root is the largest

97
Q

What are characteristics of the lower first molar?

A

largest crown
five distinct cusps
more divergent roots

98
Q

What are characteristics of the lower second molar?

A

intermediate crown size
smaller/less developed hypoconulid

99
Q

What are characteristics of the lower third molar?

A

smallest crown size
smallest/absent hypoconulid
close together or fused roots

100
Q

How would you distinguish from a left or right lower molar?

A

protoconid is the largest cusp and is located mesiobuccally
hypoconulid oriented buccodistally
buccal surface is gently rounded
lingual surface is more vertically oriented
crown tapers distally

101
Q

What are some reasons people study teeth?

A

Distinctive anatomy and physiology throughout the fossil record
Begins a descriptive science that distinguishes between species, sex, and ageing process

102
Q

What are some differences between inter-species associated with natural selection that are shown in teeth?

A

types of resources being consumed
function of teeth influences size and shape

103
Q

What are some differences between intra-species associated with natural selection that are shown in teeth?

A

evolutionary changes i.e. human teeth reduce in size after development of agriculture
reduction in surface complexity

104
Q

What are some aspects of teeth that represent differences in sex in non-human primates?

A

most males have larger canines than females in large groups of primates

105
Q

What are some aspects of teeth that represent differences in sex in human primates?

A

males have larger teeth
females have pointer canines

106
Q

True or False? Sex estimation using teeth is easy in human primates.

107
Q

What are the two methods of studying teeth that are related to age differences?

A

Eruption stage of teeth
Perikymata count

108
Q

What does the eruption method of determining age by teeth entail?

A

Looking at the ratio of permanent to deciduous teeth
Analyzing the development of the crown and root
Seeing how much of the crown has erupted

109
Q

True or False: The eruption method of determining age is no longer useful after all of the teeth have erupted.

110
Q

What does the Perikymata count method of determining age by teeth entail?

A

Counting the perikymata lines to the root junction to estimate the age of a subject.

111
Q

What are perikymata?

A

The lines on the outer surface of the tooth associated with enamel growth that lay down at regular intervals.

112
Q

What is the perikymata commonly used to age?

A

fossil teeth

113
Q

Who is George Cuvier and why is he significant?

A

He was a comparative anatomist and paleontologist who developed the path to determining what a subject was by their teeth.

114
Q

What was the flaw to George Cuvier’s work?

A

He did not apply evolution to his work.

115
Q

What are some agents of the environment associated with natural selection that affect teeth?

A

Food processing and diet

116
Q

What are some agents of the environment associated with behavior that affect teeth?

A

Using teeth as tools
Cultural/practical modifications to teeth

117
Q

True or False: Stages of tooth development are more stable than other skeletal elements.

118
Q

True or False: Tooth are more affected than other skeletal elements by external forces. (EX: diet and disease)

119
Q

What are some examples of the impact evolution can have on teeth?

A

A decrease in jaw size
Delayed development
Shape of teeth

120
Q

What is calculus when referring to teeth?

A

Hardened dental plaque or tartar

121
Q

What is collagen when referring to teeth?

A

it is a main component that provides the inner tooth’s framework.

122
Q

True or false: The shape of teeth is specialized to the diet of an individual.

ANTH 443 Dental Anthropology (2 decks)

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